Table 1 General hunting behavior and structural characteristics in three groups of hunters.

	Non-goose hunters (N = 675)	Lapsed goose hunters (N = 278)	Goose hunters (N = 606)	Effect size
	Non-goose hunters (N = 675)	Lapsed goose hunters (N = 278)	Goose hunters (N = 606)	Cramers’ V	Partial η²
General hunting behavior
Started hunting
0–10 years ago	33%	8%	26%***	0.18	na
11–20 years ago	17%	12%	17%
21–30 years ago	19%	21%	20%
31 years or more ago	31%	59%	38%
Hunting activity in 2021
No	11%	8%	2%***	0.24	na
1–10 days	42%	28%	21%
11–20 days	23%	23%	22%
21–50 days	18%	28%	38%
More than 50 days	6%	13%	19%
Structural characteristics
Parent was a goose hunter	5%	22%	27%***	0.28	na
Gender	86% men	94% men	94% men***	0.13	na
Age	50 years^a	53 years^b	49 years^a	na	0.02
University degree	47%	37%	36%***	0.10	na
Rural residence	65%	73%	71%*	0.07	na

Means having the same superscript letter did not differ at p < 0.05 (ANOVA with Bonferroni correction). Following guidelines proposed by Cohen⁶⁵, a small, medium, and large effect size correspond to Cramer’s V = 0.1–0.3, Cramer’s V = 0.3–0.5, and Cramer’s V > 0.5 for 1 df (i.e., parent was a goose hunter, gender, university degree, and rural residence), Cramer’s V = 0.07–0.21, Cramer’s V = 0.21–0.35, and Cramer’s V > 0.35 for 2 df (i.e., started hunting, hunting activity in 2021), and Partial η² = 0.01, Parital η² = 0.06, and Partial η² = 0.14 (i.e., age), respectively.
*p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001. na = non-applicable.

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