Table 4 Net photosynthesis, maximal efficiency of PS II, plant dry weight, the activity of Rubisco, FBPase, ATP-S, and the content of GSH and starch in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves at 30 DAS.

From: Sulfur supplementation enhances nitric oxide efficacy in reversal of chromium-inhibited Calvin cycle enzymes, photosynthetic activity, and carbohydrate metabolism in wheat

Treatments

Cr

Cr + BSO

NO + Cr + BSO

NO + S + Cr + BSO

H2O2 content (nmol g−1 dry weight)

30.9 ± 0.980

56.90 ± 0.990***

45.6 ± 0.980**

39.60 ± 0.830*

ATP-S activity (µmol g−1 protein s−1)

01.59 ± 0.041

01.27 ± 0.033**

01.39 ± 0.041*

01.51 ± 0.046 ns

GSH content (nmol g−1 dry weight)

072.0 ± 2.810

41.00 ± 1.620***

53.10 ± 1.910**

61.00 ± 2.010*

Net photosynthesis (µmol CO2 m−2 s−1)

07.10 ± 0.550

04.35 ± 0.240***

05.53 ± 0.440*

06.30 ± 0.510*

Maximal efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm)

0.699 ± 0.002

0.605 ± 0.002**

0.660 ± 0.002*

0.685 ± 0.002 ns

Plant dry weight (g plant−1)

0.710 ± 0.057

0.620 ± 0.053***

0.660 ± 0.054*

0.690 ± 0.054 ns

Rubisco activity (µmol CO2 mg−1 protein min−1)

0.460 ± 0.012

0.230 ± 0.006***

0.290 ± 0.009**

0.380 ± 0.011*

FBPase activity (µmol NADPH mg−1 protein min−1)

0.550 ± 0.018

0.320 ± 0.016***

0.410 ± 0.017**

0.490 ± 0.017*

Starch content (mg g−1 dry weight)

18.5 ± 1.162

14.8 ± 1.010**

16.7 ± 1.150*

17.1 ± 1.158 ns

  1. Plants were supplemented with 100 µM Cr, 100 µM Cr + 0.5 mM BSO, 100 µM Cr + 0.5 mM BSO + 50 µM NO and 100 µM Cr + 0.5 mM BSO + 50 µM NO + 1.0 mM SO42−. The data is displayed as mean ± SE (n = 4). As established by Tukey’s posthoc multiple comparison test, values that differ significantly between the control and treatments are denoted with an asterisk (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). ATP-S ATP-sulfurylase, Cr chromium, DAS d after sowing, FBPase fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, GSH reduced glutathione, NO nitric oxide, ns non-significant, S sulfur.
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