Table 3 Echocardiographic parameters (mean ± standard deviation) in long-distance runners (n = 12), volleyball athletes (n = 14), football athletes (n = 39), powerlifters (n = 26), bodybuilders (n = 39), and sedentary controls (n = 43).

Outcome measure	Long-distance runners	Volleyball athletes	Football athletes	Power lifters	Bodybuilders	Sedentary controls	ANOVA
Outcome measure	Long-distance runners	Volleyball athletes	Football athletes	Power lifters	Bodybuilders	Sedentary controls	p	\({{\varvec{\eta}}}_{{\varvec{p}}}^{2}\)
Structural parameters
Left atrium diameter (mm)	39.67 ± 2.60^║	41.77 ± 2.78^║	40.32 ± 2.84^║	41.15 ± 3.35^║	40.19 ± 3.37^║	37.33 ± 2.12	< 0.001	0.216
Aortic root diameter (mm)	32.88 ± 2.13	34.97 ± 1.49^║	33.45 ± 1.44	33.46 ± 2.14	33.30 ± 2.23	32.76 ± 1.84	0.011	0.084
Aortic root index (mm/m²)	16.55 ± 1.14	16.20 ± 1.02	16.80 ± 1.11^║	16.26 ± 0.95	16.12 ± 1.09	15.88 ± 1.03	0.005	0.094
LV end-diastolic diameter (mm)	54.82 ± 1.56^║#	57.30 ± 3.56^║#¶	55.04 ± 2.78^║#	53.24 ± 2.87	51.99 ± 2.28	52.08 ± 2.64	< 0.001	0.294
LV end-systolic diameter (mm)	32.81 ± 1.58	34.25 ± 2.02^#	33.63 ± 1.87^#	32.93 ± 2.10	32.21 ± 1.47	32.61 ± 1.90	0.002	0.109
Intra-ventricular septal WT (mm)	10.72 ± 0.97^#¶	11.09 ± 0.77^║#¶	10.66 ± 0.86^║#¶	12.53 ± 0.77^║	12.52 ± 0.93^║	10.05 ± 0.58	< 0.001	0.631
Posterior WT (mm)	10.06 ± 0.92^#¶	10.16 ± 0.50^║#¶	10.00 ± 0.84^║#¶	11.63 ± 0.62^║	11.43 ± 0.61^║	9.37 ± 0.87	< 0.001	0.587
Relative WT	0.37 ± 0.04^#¶	0.36 ± 0.03^#¶	0.36 ± 0.03^#¶	0.44 ± 0.03^║	0.44 ± 0.03^║	0.36 ± 0.03	< 0.001	0.596
LV mass (g)	223.12 ± 25.33^║¶	248.36 ± 36.26^║	223.43 ± 33.01^║#¶	262.80 ± 31.31^║	247.54 ± 29.42^║	187.52 ± 27.38	< 0.001	0.445
LV index (g/m²)	112.12 ± 11.15^║¶	114.63 ± 14.19^║¶	111.86 ± 14.62^║¶	127.58 ± 13.40^║	119.53 ± 11.03^║	90.52 ± 10.54	< 0.001	0.522
Systolic function
LV ejection fraction (%)	71.18 ± 2.87^║#¶	70.07 ± 2.73^║#	68.94 ± 2.90^║	68.21 ± 1.81	67.63 ± 1.66	67.25 ± 2.03	< 0.001	0.206
Fractional shortening (%)	40.98 ± 2.45^║#¶	40.20 ± 2.36^║#¶	39.14 ± 2.45^║	38.07 ± 2.07	37.88 ± 1.33	37.36 ± 2.08	< 0.001	0.221
s'-wave (cm/s)	0.10 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	0.11 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	0.956	0.006
Diastolic function
Mitral valve inflow peak E (cm/s)	0.92 ± 0.15	0.88 ± 0.15	0.87 ± 0.12	0.94 ± 0.17	0.89 ± 0.14	0.87 ± 0.13	0.338	0.033
Mitral valve inflow peak A (cm/s)	0.52 ± 0.07	0.54 ± 0.12	0.53 ± 0.06^#	0.58 ± 0.09	0.61 ± 0.13	0.57 ± 0.11	0.006	0.093
E/A ratio	1.77 ± 0.33^#	1.66 ± 0.22	1.67 ± 0.23^#	1.65 ± 0.26	1.50 ± 0.26	1.53 ± 0.21	0.002	0.109
Mitral valve inflow Dt (m/s)	198.92 ± 16.19	207.92 ± 21.03	204.05 ± 19.38	207.15 ± 15.48	209.92 ± 20.40	208.00 ± 17.89	0.507	0.025
eʹ-wave (m/s)	0.17 ± 0.03	0.18 ± 0.03	0.17 ± 0.02	0.17 ± 0.03	0.16 ± 0.02	0.16 ± 0.01	0.104	0.053
aʹ-wave (m/s)	0.10 ± 0.01	0.09 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.01	0.204	0.042
eʹ/aʹ	1.74 ± 0.30^║	2.05 ± 0.51^#	1.74 ± 0.28*	1.76 ± 0.34	1.67 ± 0.31	1.62 ± 0.25	0.002	0.109
E/eʹ	5.52 ± 1.09	4.82 ± 0.54	5.26 ± 0.84	5.63 ± 0.90	5.46 ± 0.83	5.34 ± 0.89	0.093	0.054

Relative wall thickness = (2 × posterior wall thickness)/LV end-diastolic diameter; bolded p values indicate statistically significant difference (p < 0.05), bolded \({\eta }_{p}^{2}\) indicate moderate to strong effects.
LV left ventricular, WT wall thickness, Dt deceleration time, s'-wave systolic mitral annulus velocity (average of septal and lateral measurements), e'-wave early diastolic myocardial relaxation (average of septal and lateral measurements), a'-wave active atrial contraction in late diastole (average of septal and lateral measurements).
*ssignificantly different from volleyball athletes.
^#Significantly different from bodybuilders.
^¶Significantly different from powerlifters.
^║Significantly different from sedentary controls.

Back to article page

Table 3 Echocardiographic parameters (mean ± standard deviation) in long-distance runners (n = 12), volleyball athletes (n = 14), football athletes (n = 39), powerlifters (n = 26), bodybuilders (n = 39), and sedentary controls (n = 43).

Search

Quick links