Figure 1

Study design. Participants were randomly divided into the control and experimental groups at a 1:1 ratio. In the control group, participants only underwent a standard oesophageal ESD procedure, whereas those from the experimental group underwent application of the gel after oesophageal ESD. A repeat endoscopy was performed, during the 2-week follow-up. Participants were instructed to report any discomfort on post-ESD days 1, 14, and 30. ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection.