Table 6 Association of maternal characteristics and factors with depressive disorder.
Characteristic | No. of women (% of total) (N = 4,409,716) | Women with depressive disorder | Crude rate ratio (95% confidence intervals) | Adjusted rate ratioa (95% confidence intervals) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Season of conception | ||||
Winter | 3,689,855 | 11,833 | 0.961 (0.920–1.004) | 0.956 (0.915–0.999)b |
Summer | 719,861 | 2042 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Period of birth | ||||
2004–2007 | 1,037,160 | 2706 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
2008–2011 | 1,126,078 | 3510 | 1.19 (1.14–1.26) | 1.11 (1.06–1.17) |
2012–2015 | 1,129,845 | 3663 | 1.24 (1.18–1.31) | 1.08 (1.02–1.13) |
2016–2019 | 1,116,633 | 4356 | 1.50 (1.43–1.57) | 1.19 (1.13–1.25) |
Maternal age at conception (year) | ||||
13–18 | 160,936 | 692 | 1.59 (1.46–1.72) | 1.55 (1.43–1.68) |
19–23 | 617,047 | 2163 | 1.29 (1.23–1.36) | 1.26 (1.19–1.33) |
24–28 | 1,263,280 | 3425 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
29–33 | 1,475,958 | 4320 | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) |
34–44 | 892,495 | 3635 | 1.50 (1.43–1.57) | 1.33 (1.27–1.49) |
Substance use | ||||
Yes | 44,427 | 1336 | 10.2 (9.62–10.8) | 5.47 (5.15–5.58) |
No | 4,345,160 | 10,288 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Tobacco smoking | ||||
Yes | 22,834 | 444 | 6.19 (5.63–6.80) | 2.73 (2.47–3.01) |
No | 4,386,882 | 13,791 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Gestational diabetes | ||||
Yes | 285,975 | 1213 | 1.34 (1.27–1.42) | 1.23 (1.16–1.30) |
No | 4,123,741 | 13,022 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Hypothyroidism | ||||
Yes | 31,907 | 573 | 5.75 (5.29–6.26) | 3.06 (3.81–4.33) |
No | 4,377,809 | 31,334 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Obesity | ||||
Yes | 71,342 | 844 | 3.83 (3.28–4.11) | 2.02 (1.88–2.17) |
No | 4,338,374 | 13,391 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
