Table 4 Deliberate and accidental sharing of fake news by country.

From: Ability of detecting and willingness to share fake news

 

Deliberate sharing

Accidental sharing

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Germany

UK

Germany

UK

Female (ref:male)

− 0.066

− 0.076+

0.002

− 0.225**

(0.044)

(0.041)

(0.059)

(0.081)

Age

− 0.002

− 0.009***

− 0.007**

− 0.021***

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.004)

High educated (ref:low edu)

− 0.030

− 0.078+

− 0.121*

− 0.006

(0.042)

(0.041)

(0.059)

(0.082)

Separated/Single (ref:married/coh)

0.030

− 0.036

− 0.067

− 0.078

(0.045)

(0.042)

(0.067)

(0.087)

Middle income (ref:low)

0.004

0.019

− 0.031

− 0.071

(0.059)

(0.048)

(0.085)

(0.098)

High income (ref:low)

0.037

0.124+

− 0.164

− 0.164

(0.076)

(0.069)

(0.106)

(0.128)

Unemployed (ref:employed)

− 0.003

0.153

0.231

− 0.357+

(0.128)

(0.179)

(0.307)

(0.215)

Out of labor force (ref:employed)

− 0.003

0.036

− 0.094

− 0.119

(0.053)

(0.054)

(0.065)

(0.091)

Center (ref:left)

− 0.057

0.033

0.094

0.227*

(0.054)

(0.049)

(0.060)

(0.094)

Right (ref:left)

− 0.046

0.113+

0.239*

0.596***

(0.065)

(0.064)

(0.101)

(0.125)

Constant

0.362**

0.679***

0.770***

1.702***

(0.126)

(0.123)

(0.158)

(0.273)

N

1223

1156

1223

1156

Adj. R− sq

0.000

0.023

0.016

0.050

  1. Outcome variables are scales ranging from 0 to 5 with a higher value indicating more sharing of fake news. All estimates are from linear models estimated by Ordinary Least Squares. HC1 robust standard errors are in parentheses. + p \(<0.10\), * p \(<0.05\), ** p \(<0.01\), *** p \(<0.001\) (two-tailed tests).