Figure 3

(I) represents beetle beta-diversity (1–Horn similarity) between sampling plots with different spatial distances in the tropics (dark grey) and subtropics (light grey) in Yunnan province, SW China. (II) represents plant beta-diversity (1–Horn similarity) between sampling plots with different spatial distances in the tropics (dark grey) and subtropics (light grey) in Yunnan province, SW China. The 1–Horn similarity value was calculated as the beta-diversity of (1) plots within a transect (β1: 40–300 m scale), (2) plots between two neighbouring transects within a region (β2: 10–60 km scale), (3) plots between two neighbouring regions (β3: 250–350 km scale). White dots represent medians, thick black bars represent first quartiles, and thin black lines represent the range. The shape of each plot shows the frequency distribution of the data. Wilcoxon tests were conducted to test for differences in beta-diversity values between beetles and plants in the tropical and subtropical region along various spatial scales. ***indicates significant differences in beta-diversity between beetles and plants at each successive spatial scale at P < 0.05.