Table 1 Characteristics of participants according to EPDS score (N = 62,060).

From: Weight-loss behaviors before pregnancy associate with increased risk of postpartum depression from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Characteristics	No PPD (EPDS < 9) n = 54,596		PPD (EPDS ≥ 9) n = 7464		p-value
Characteristics	n	%	n	%	p-value
Women's factors including socio-economic status
BMI in first trimester (kg/m²)
< 18.5	8542	13.8	1184	1.9	< 0.001^b
18.5–24.9	40,538	65.3	5407	8.7
≥ 25	5516	8.9	873	1.4
Age of mother (years)
≤ 19	270	0.4	70	0.1	< 0.001^b
20–24	4032	6.5	841	1.4
25–29	14,710	23.7	2210	3.6
30–34	19,928	32.1	2502	4.0
35–39	13,027	21.0	1516	2.4
≥ 40	2629	4.2	325	0.5
Alcohol intake
Never	19,182	30.9	2451	3.9	< 0.001^b
Previous	29,651	47.8	4320	7.0
Current	5763	9.3	693	1.1
Marital status
Married	52,790	85.1	6995	11.3	< 0.001^b
Single	1463	2.4	376	0.6
Divorced, widowed	343	0.6	93	0.1
The number of people who provide emotional supports
Median individuals	5		4		< 0.001^a
Highest level of education
Junior high school, high school	18,037	29.1	3055	4.9	< 0.001^b
Technical junior college, technical/vocational college, associate degree	23,815	38.4	2994	4.8
Bachelor’s degree, graduate degree	12,744	20.5	1415	2.3
Annual household income
< 4 million JPY	20,708	33.4	3469	5.6	< 0.001^b
4 to < 6 million JPY	18,429	29.7	2316	3.7
≥ 6 million JPY	15,459	24.9	1679	2.7
The factors related pregnancy
Child's sex
Male	27,923	45.0	3906	6.3	0.420^b
Female	26,673	43.0	3558	5.7
Mode of delivery
Spontaneous delivery	31,727	51.1	4078	6.6	< 0.001^b
Induced delivery	9651	15.6	1441	2.3
Vacuum extraction, forceps delivery	3262	5.3	517	0.8
Cesarean delivery	9956	16.0	1428	2.3
Previous deliveries
Nullipara	21,808	35.1	4008	6.5	< 0.001^b
Multipara	32,788	52.8	3456	5.6
Feelings when learning of pregnancy
Very happy	37,059	59.7	4349	7.0	< 0.001^b
Surprised but happy	13,371	21.5	2122	3.4
Surprised and confused	3274	5.3	721	1.2
Upset	215	0.3	89	0.1
No specific feelings	209	0.3	55	0.1
Other feelings	468	0.8	128	0.2
Stressful events during pregnancy
No	32,815	52.9	3315	5.3	< 0.001^b
Yes	21,781	35.1	4149	6.7
Disease in child currently under treatment
No	48,657	78.4	6540	10.5	< 0.001^b
Yes	5939	9.6	924	1.5
How the mother became pregnant this time
Spontaneously	50,869	82.0	6963	11.2	0.087^b
Ovulation induction through medication	1488	2.4	196	0.3
AIH	498	0.8	85	0.1
IVF	922	1.5	121	0.2
ICSI	439	0.7	54	0.1
Fresh embryo transfer	24	0.0	0	0.0
Frozen embryo transfer	303	0.5	33	0.1
Blastocyst transfer	53	0.1	12	0.0
Recurrent miscarriage
No	54,015	87.0	7386	11.9	0.521^b
Yes	581	0.9	78	0.1
Gestational weight gain
Normal weight gain	28,906	46.6	3817	6.2	0.003^b
Abnormal weight gain	25,690	41.4	3647	5.9
Emotional abuse from partner during pregnancy
No	48,452	78.1	5626	9.1	< 0.001^b
Yes	6144	9.9	1837	3.0
Physical abuse from partner during pregnancy
No	54,160	87.3	7254	11.7	< 0.001^b
Yes	436	0.7	210	0.3
Psychological distress
K6 < 13	53,769	86.6	6693	10.8	< 0.001^b
K6 ≥ 13	827	1.3	771	1.2
Weight-loss methods before pregnancy
Eating two-thirds as much as usual or less
No	47,853	77.1	6112	9.8	< 0.001^b
Yes	6743	10.9	1352	2.2
Avoiding snacks and midnight snacks
No	34,079	54.9	4403	7.1	< 0.001^b
Yes	20,517	33.1	3061	4.9
Eating specific diet foods
No	49,484	79.7	6464	10.4	< 0.001^b
Yes	5112	8.2	1000	1.6
Taking a diet pill
No	53,621	86.4	7214	11.6	< 0.001^b
Yes	975	1.6	250	0.4
Vomiting after eating
No	53,958	86.9	7251	11.7	< 0.001^b
Yes	638	1.0	213	0.3
Smoking cigarettes
No	52,608	84.8	6894	11.1	< 0.001^b
Yes	1988	3.2	570	0.9
Exercise
No	37,543	60.5	4770	7.7	< 0.001^b
Yes	17,053	27.5	2694	4.3

EPDS Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, PPD postpartum depression, BMI body mass index, AIH artificial insemination with husband’s sperm, IVF in vitro fertilization, ICSI intracytoplasmic sperm injection, K6 Kessler 6-Item Psychological Distress Scale.
^aMann–Whitney U test.
^bChi-square test.

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Table 1 Characteristics of participants according to EPDS score (N = 62,060).

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