Figure 1 | Scientific Reports

Figure 1

From: A straightforward method using the sign of the piezoelectric coefficient to identify the ferroelectric switching mechanism

Figure 1

Berry phase variation \(\Delta \varphi _\mu\) (\(\mu = a, b, c\)) as a function of \(\lambda\) or \(\lambda\)’ for DHBA. Since there are relationships of \(\Delta \varphi _a (\lambda '=-1) - \Delta \varphi _a (\lambda =-1) = 2\pi\) and \(\Delta \varphi _a (\lambda '=0) - \Delta \varphi _a (\lambda =0) = \pi\), \(\Delta \varphi _a\) is plotted with a circular chart to visualize the interrelationship between the \(\lambda\) and \(\lambda '\) processes. Insets are snapshots of the hydrogen-bonded network.

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