Table 1 Meso-parameters of sand.

From: DEM modeling direct shearing behavior of sand considering anti-rotation of particle

Normal contact stiffness (Pa)

Shear contact stiffness (Pa)

Particle density (kg/m3)

Damping ratio

Ball friction coefficient

Wall friction coefficient

Initial porosity (%)

Anti-rotation coefficient

1.5 × 108

1.0 × 108

2670

0.7

0.5

0

15

0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4

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