Figure 4
Direct effect of PDLSC-derived EVs (P-EVs) on osteogenic differentiation of BMMSCs. (A) Observation of P-EVs using TEM. Scale bar = 200 nm. (B) Particle size distribution of EVs measured using NTA; the mean size was 90.8 nm ± 31.1 (standard deviation). (C) Expression of EV surface markers detected using western blotting analysis. (D) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining of BMMSCs treated with P-EVs for 7 d. (E) ALP activity of BMMSCs treated with P-EVs for 7 d. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, as compared with the control group (n = 3). (F) ARS staining of BMMSCs treated with P-EVs for 14 d. ARS stain intensity was evaluated using densitometry at 562 nm. **p < 0.01, as compared with the control group (n = 3). (G) Osteogenic gene expression of BMMSCs with P-EV treatment on day 2. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001, as compared with the control group (n = 3) (“Supplementary information”).
