Table 3 Pneumonia-associated risk factors.

Index med

 LAMA

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

ICS/LABA with fluticasone

1.622

1.384–1.901

< 0.001

1.635

1.388–1.926

< 0.001

1.318

0.999–1.739

0.051

1.496

1.204–1.859

< 0.001

 ICS/LABA without fluticasone

1.277

0.942–1.732

0.115

1.232

0.906–1.675

0.184

1.120

0.653–1.921

0.680

1.002

0.682–1.473

0.991

 ICS/LABA

1.550

1.336–1.798

< 0.001

1.551

1.331–1.809

< 0.001

1.374

1.116–1.692

0.003

1.389

1.127–1.713

0.002

Age (years)

 55 to < 75

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 75+

1.495

1.294–1.727

< 0.001

1.431

1.235–1.657

< 0.001

0.914

0.630–1.326

0.635

Sex

 Male

0.912

0.763–1.090

0.3095

0.727

0.430–1.230

0.2352

 Female

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Income level

 1st quartile

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 2nd quartile

1.168

0.893–1.528

0.257

1.175

0.898–1.537

0.241

1.279

0.623–2.626

0.503

 3rd quartile

1.118

0.869–1.439

0.385

1.140

0.886–1.468

0.309

1.048

0.532–2.062

0.893

 4th quartile

1.185

0.944–1.488

0.144

1.150

0.914–1.446

0.234

0.950

0.508–1.776

0.873

 Medical aid

1.575

1.235–2.010

< 0.001

1.464

1.143–1.875

0.003

1.005

0.511–1.977

0.988

Hospital type

 General hospital

1.400

1.073–1.828

0.013

1.337

1.022–1.751

0.034

1.844

0.902–3.767

0.093

1.331

0.885–2.003

0.170

 Hospital

1.284

0.864–1.907

0.217

1.117

0.751–1.661

0.586

0.821

0.291–2.315

0.709

0.823

0.449–1.511

0.5305

 Clinic

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Others

0.908

0.222–3.713

0.8934

0.640

0.156–2.632

0.536

1.230

0.065–23.221

0.890

1.182

0.18–9.867

0.8695

History of pneumonia

 No

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Yes

2.479

2.074–2.963

< 0.0001

2.400

1.978–2.911

 < 0.001

2.333

1.274–4.272

0.006

2.123

1.580–2.852

< 0.0001

History of COPD exacerbation

 None

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 1 moderate

1.429

1.111–1.839

0.006

1.240

0.950–1.619

0.114

1.302

0.888–1.909

0.177

 ≥ 2 moderate OR ≥ 1 severe

1.574

1.279–1.936

< 0.0001

1.083

0.860–1.364

0.496

1.446

1.079–1.939

0.014

mCCI

 0, 1

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 2

0.793

0.623–1.009

0.060

0.815

0.639–1.040

0.010

1.051

0.578–1.913

0.870

 3

1.064

0.881–1.283

0.521

0.964

0.792–1.174

0.717

0.972

0.552–1.710

0.920

 4+

1.230

1.012–1.496

0.038

1.007

0.818–1.240

0.950

0.871

0.533–1.421

0.580

mCCI category

Congestive heart failure

 No

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Yes

1.053

0.839–1.322

0.655

0.885

0.505–1.551

0.669

Dementia

 No

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Yes

1.160

0.805–1.671

0.425

1.000

0.375–2.664

1.000

Chronic pulmonary disease

 No

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Yes

1.223

1.063–1.407

0.005

1.106

0.939–1.302

0.2273

1.160

0.795–1.693

0.442

Rheumatologic disease

 No

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Yes

1.232

0.878–1.730

0.229

0.917

0.405–2.078

0.835

Mild liver disease

 No

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Yes

1.058

0.895–1.250

0.510

0.814

0.521–1.272

0.366

Diabetes with chronic complications

 No

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Yes

1.037

0.825–1.303

0.510

0.724

0.413–1.270

0.260

Hemiplegia or paraplegia

 No

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Yes

1.112

0.576–2.145

0.752

1.500

0.251–8.977

0.657

Renal disease

 No

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Yes

1.021

0.655–1.592

0.9257

1.125

0.434–2.915

0.809

Any malignancy, including lymphoma and leukemia

 No

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Yes

1.032

0.843–1.264

0.759

1.226

0.763–1.970

0.400

Moderate or severe liver disease

 No

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Yes

1.985

1.095–3.601

0.024

1.916

1.030–3.567

0.0401

1.667

0.398–6.974

0.484

Metastatic solid tumor

 No

Ref

–

–

Ref

–

–

 Yes

1.055

0.582–1.912

0.860

1.834

0.254–2.732

0.764

HIV

 No

Ref

–

–

NA

NA

NA

 Yes

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA

NA