Table 3 Model parameter settings.

Xylem inner diameter

7.28 mm

Stalk diameter

14.23 mm

Xylem outer diameter

12.84 mm

Phloem thickness

0.67 mm

Xylem density

0.95 g/cm³

Phloem density

0.97 g/cm³

Modulus of elasticity of xylem: E_X2, E_Y2

7.67 MPa

Modulus of elasticity of bast: E_X1 , E_Y1

2.27 MPa

Modulus of elasticity of xylem: E_Z2

320 MPa

Modulus of elasticity of bast: E_Z1

1919.08 MPa

Xylem shear modulus G_XY

2.95 MPa

Saprophytic shear modulus G_XY

3.09 MPa

Xylem shear modulus: G_XZ, G_YZ

69.0 MPa

Saprophytic shear modulus: G_XZ, G_YZ

33.80 MPa

Xylem Poisson's ratio: μ_XZ, μ_YZ

0.04

Saprophytic Poisson's ratio: μ_XZ, μ_YZ

0.004

Phloem Poisson's ratio: μ_XY

0.2 ~ 0.4

Xylem Poisson's ratio: μ_XY

0.2–0.4

Stalk-steel static friction coefficient

0.59

Stalk-steel rolling friction factor

0.05–0.15