Figure 3

Pattern of expression of metabolic and oxidative stress-related genes. Relative expression profiles of the mitochondrial metabolic genes viz. ATP6, ATP8, COX-2, CytB, ND-1 and ND-2 for the control group and the buffalo spermatozoa exposed to 0.5, 1, and 2 μM of Omethoate (A–F), Paraoxon methyl (G–L), and TCPy (M–R) were generated using RT-qPCR. The expression values are normalized to GAPDH and β-actin, and the error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM).