Table 4 Policy means and conclusions related to parameter changes.

From: Research on the evolution of express packaging recycling strategy considering virtual incentives and heterogeneous subsidies

Parameter change (policy instrument)

Main conclusion

\(S > L_{1} \cap\) Virtual reward↑

The enthusiasm of consumers to participate in express recycling increased, and was not affected by the initial choice intention

\(S < L_{1} \cap\) Virtual reward↑

Depends on the initial willingness to choose, media/high initial willingness to choose can increase the enthusiasm of consumers to participate in express packaging recycling

Single transfer subsidy↑

E-commerce enterprises can be encouraged to choose green express packaging, but the strategy is not sustainable

Commission factor discount for platform entry↓

It can encourage e-commerce enterprises to choose green express packaging, policy sustainability is strong

Mixed means (transfer subsidy↑ + commission factor discount ↓)

Moderate transfer payments and lower commission discounts can achieve similar incentive effects, and the policy sustainability is modest

Cost transfer coefficient↓

Consumers are more active in taking part in express package recycling

Additional income of e-commerce enterprises↑

The strategy appears oscillating instability phenomenon

Consumer intangible benefits/psychological satisfaction↑

The policy remains in the participating state

The cost of green express packaging↑

The enthusiasm of e-commerce enterprises to use green express packaging is reduced

Platform support revenue↑

Increased enthusiasm for platform support

Income from the use of green express packaging by e-commerce enterprises↑

Both platform support and consumer engagement are less motivated