Table 1 Detailed definition of the ten common, well-known mathematical models under consideration.

From: Fuel-cell parameter estimation based on improved gorilla troops technique

Function No.

Optimal

Min

Max

Dim

Function

F1

300

−100

100

30

Shifted and rotated Zakharov function

F2

600

−100

100

30

Shifted and rotated expanded Scaffer’s F6 function

F3

1100

−100

100

30

Hybrid function 1 (N = 3)

F4

1600

−100

100

30

Hybrid Function 6 (N = 4)

F5

1700

−100

100

30

Hybrid function 6 (N = 5)

F6

1900

−100

100

30

Hybrid function 6 (N = 5)

F7

2100

−100

100

30

Composition function 1 (N = 3)

F8

2400

−100

100

30

Composition function 4 (N = 4)

F9

2500

−100

100

30

Composition function 5 (N = 5)

F10

2700

−100

100

30

Composition function 7 (N = 6)