Table 2 Fixed effect estimates of the linear mixed model, standard errors, z-values and effects in test score units.

From: Physical fitness of primary school children differs depending on their timing of school enrollment

Source of variance

Fixed-effect estimate

Standard error

z-values

Effect in test score unit (b*SD)

Grand mean (intercept)

0.021

0.041

0.51

 

Physical fitness component

 Coordination vs. endurance

0.042

0.084

0.50

 

 Speed vs. coordination

 < 0.001

0.070

 < 0.01

 

 PowerLOW vs. speed

− 0.005

0.059

− 0.08

 

 PowerUP vs. powerLOW

0.098

0.059

1.68

 

 Balance vs. powerUP

− 0.074

0.077

− 0.96

 

Development from grade 3 to grade 4

 Endurance

0.166

0.032

5.21

26.6 m

 Coordination

0.516

0.032

16.36

0.16 m/s

 Speed

0.264

0.031

8.50

0.12 m/s

 PowerLOW

0.334

0.032

10.57

7.3 cm

 PowerUP

0.526

0.031

16.78

44 cm

 Balance

0.198

0.032

6.23

0.18 log(s)

Development from grade 4 to grade 5

 Endurance

− 0.064

0.034

− 1.91

− 10.2 m

 Coordination

0.503

0.033

15.36

0.16 m/s

 Speed

0.446

0.033

13.72

0.21 m/s

 PowerLOW

0.367

0.032

11.29

8.0 cm

 PowerUP

0.620

0.033

19.02

52 cm

 Balance

0.130

0.033

3.92

0.12 log(s)

Age-matched comparison 1: Keyage fourth-graders vs. OTK third-graders

 Endurance

0.341

0.063

5.40

54.6 m

 Coordination

0.531

0.060

8.80

0.17 m/s

 Speed

0.258

0.062

4.14

0.12 m/s

 PowerLOW

0.350

0.066

5.32

7.6 cm

 PowerUP

0.277

0.058

4.75

23 cm

 Balance

0.241

0.060

4.04

0.22 log(s)

Age-matched comparison 2: Keyage fifth-graders vs. OTK fourth-graders

 Endurance

0.119

0.063

1.88

19.0 m

 Coordination

0.555

0.060

9.27

0.18 m/s

 Speed

0.406

0.062

6.51

0.19 m/s

 PowerLOW

0.393

0.065

6.04

8.6 cm

 PowerUP

0.384

0.058

6.63

32 cm

 Balance

0.176

0.059

2.97

0.16 log(s)

Keyage children vs. OTK children (aggregated over assessment years)

 Endurance

0.174

0.051

3.41

27.8 m

 Coordination

0.035

0.048

0.73

0.01 m/s

 Speed

− 0.039

0.051

− 0.78

− 0.02 m/s

 PowerLOW

0.013

0.054

0.24

0.28 cm

 PowerUP

− 0.245

0.045

− 5.40

− 21 cm

 Balance

0.044

0.047

0.94

0.04 log(s)

Sex

 Endurance: sex

0.418

0.039

10.64

66.9 m

 Coordination: sex

0.152

0.037

4.13

0.05 m/s

 Speed: sex

0.218

0.039

5.56

0.10 m/s

 PowerLOW: sex

0.317

0.042

7.60

6.9 cm

 PowerUP: sex

0.530

0.035

15.16

45 cm

 Balance: sex

− 0.353

0.036

− 9.86

− 0.32 log(s)

Age (within-group, cross-sectional)

 Endurance: age

0.074

0.063

1.18

11.8 m

 Coordination: age

0.157

0.059

2.68

0.05 m/s

 Speed: age

0.164

0.062

2.63

0.08 m/s

 PowerLOW: age

0.150

0.066

2.26

3.3 cm

 PowerUP: age

0.449

0.056

7.98

38 cm

 Balance: age

0.122

0.058

2.12

0.11 log(s)

  1. Endurance = cardiorespiratory endurance (i.e., 6-min run test), coordination = star-run test, speed = 20-m linear sprint test, powerLOW = lower limbs muscle power (i.e., standing long jump test), powerUP = upper limbs muscle power (i.e., ball-push test), Balance = static balance (i.e., one-legged-stance with eyes closed). Bold =|z|> 2.0, linear mixed model random factors: schools (35) and children (1,502), observations = 22,593. For estimates of variance components and correlation parameters see Table 3.
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