Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the whole study population and grouped according to Wpeak/LVEDDrest above or below the 5th percentile of the lower-risk subgroup.

From: Prognostic value of peak work rate indexed by left ventricular diameter

 

All

Wpeak/LVEDDrest > LLN*

Wpeak/LVEDDrest < LLN

p

N (%)

3083

2012 (65.3)

1071 (34.7)

 

Age, years

59.9 ± 16.0

55.2 ± 15.6

69.0 ± 12.6

 < 0.001

Male sex, n (%)

1696 (55.0)

1075 (53.4)

621 (58.0)

0.017

Cycle ergometer exercise test variables

 Peak heart rate, bpm

146 ± 27

155 ± 23

129 ± 24

 < 0.001

 Peak systolic blood pressure, mmHg

190 ± 30

194 ± 28

181 ± 32

 < 0.001

 Heart rate at rest, bpm

73 ± 14

72 ± 14

74 ± 14

 < 0.001

 Heart rate recovery, bpm

30 ± 15

33 ± 15

23 ± 14

 < 0.001

 Peak work rate (Wpeak), W

151 ± 60

174 ± 57

108 ± 34

 < 0.001

 Peak work rate, % predicted

85 ± 19

94 ± 16

69 ± 13

 < 0.001

Echocardiographic variables

 LVEDD, mm

48 ± 6

47 ± 5

49 ± 6

 < 0.001

 LVEDD indexed to BSA, mm/m2

25 ± 3

25 ± 3

26 ± 3

 < 0.001

 LA diameter, mm

40 ± 6

38 ± 6

42 ± 7

 < 0.001

 LA diameter indexed to BSA, mm/m2

21 ± 3

20 ± 3

22 ± 3

 < 0.001

 LVEF, %

63 ± 11

65 ± 11

59 ± 12

 < 0.001

 Low LVEF < 50%, n (%)

254 (8.3)

88 (4.4)

167 (15.6)

 < 0.001

 LVOT-VTI, cm

21 ± 4

21 ± 4

20 ± 5

 < 0.001

 Left ventricular mass, indexed to BSA, g/m2

99 ± 28

93 ± 23

111 ± 32

 < 0.001

 E/e' (cm/s)

11 ± 4

10 ± 4

12 ± 5

 < 0.001

 E/A ratio

1.2 ± 0.5

1.2 ± 0.5

1.0 ± 0.4

 < 0.001

 RV to RA pressure gradient, mmHg

23 ± 8

22 ± 6

26 ± 9

 < 0.001

 Aortic regurgitation (moderate/severe), n (%)

101 (3.3)

43 (2.1)

58 (5.4)

 < 0.001

 Mitral regurgitation (moderate/severe), n (%)

270 (8.8)

115 (5.7)

155 (15.0)

 < 0.001

 Aortic stenosis (moderate/severe), n (%)

103 (3.3)

50 (2.5)

53 (4.9)

 < 0.001

Clinical HF classification

 HFpEF, n (%)

54 (1.8)

40 (2.0)

14 (1.3)

 

 HFmrEF, n (%)

132 (4.3)

43 (2.1)

90 (8.4)

 

 HFrEF, n (%)

122 (4.0)

45 (2.2)

77 (7.2)

 

Comorbidities

 Hypertension, n (%)

293 (9.5)

206 (10.2)

87 (8.1)

0.07

 Ischemic heart disease, n (%)

218 (7.1)

148 (7.4)

71 (6.6)

0.50

 Previous acute myocardial infarction, n (%)

109 (3.6)

72 (3.6)

38 (3.5)

1.0

 Malignancy, n (%)

207 (6.7)

130 (6.5)

78 (7.3)

0.43

 Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

37 (1,2)

25 (1.2)

12 (1.1)

1.0

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%)

46 (1.5)

32 (1.2)

14 (1.3)

0.65

Medications

 ACE inhibitors, n (%)

585 (19.0)

294 (14.6)

292 (27.3)

 < 0.001

 Beta blockers, n (%)

994 (32.2)

498 (24.7)

496 (46.3)

 < 0.001

 Loop diuretics, n (%)

298 (9.7)

80 (4.0)

218 (20.4)

 < 0.001

 Anti-diabetics, n (%)

169 (5.5)

76 (3.8)

93 (8.7)

 < 0.001

 Insulin, n (%)

150 (4.9)

61 (3.0)

89 (8.3)

 < 0.001

 Calcium antagonists, n (%)

413 (13.4)

188 (9.3)

225 (21.0)

 < 0.001

 Thiazide diuretics, n (%)

194 (6.3)

96 (4.8)

98 (9.2)

 < 0.001

 Anti-thrombotic, n (%)

722 (23.4)

341 (16.9)

381 (35.6)

 < 0.001

 Nitrates, n (%)

367 (11.9)

169 (8.4)

198 (18.5)

 < 0.001

 Anti-coagulant, n (%)

237 (7.7)

85 (4.2)

152 (14.2)

 < 0.001

 Lipid-lowering, n (%)

657 (21.3)

318 (15.7)

339 (31.7)

 < 0.001

  1. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Categorical variables are presented as number of patients (%).
  2. ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, BSA body surface area, E/A early/late diastolic velocity ratio over the mitral valve, E/e' early diastolic mitral velocity /early diastolic myocardial velocity e’ HF: heart failure; HFmrEF heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction, HFpEF heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFrEF heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, LA left atrial, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, LVOT-VTI left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral.
  3. *LLN: sex- and age-specific 5th percentile for Wpeak/LVEDDrest in lower-risk subjects (Table 2).
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