Table 2 Odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) of poor mental health in association with insecurity, social support, and change in relationships.

From: Disparities in insecurity, social support, and family relationships in association with poor mental health among US adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

Characteristics

Population distribution

GAD-7 ≥ 10

PHQ-9 ≥ 10

PSS-4 ≥ 6

PC-PTSD ≥ 3

Any insecuritya

No

1661 (42.1)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Yes

2283 (57.9)

3.74 (3.06, 4.56)#

3.20 (2.67, 3.84)#

3.08 (2.67, 3.57)#

2.93 (2.42, 3.55)#

Worry about moneya,b

 Not worried at all

2112 (53.6)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 A little bit worried

1431 (36.2)

1.94 (1.57, 2.41)#

2.00 (1.64, 2.44)#

2.07 (1.75, 2.46)#

1.53 (1.24, 1.88)#

 Extremely worried

397 (10.1)

4.48 (3.23, 6.22)#

3.86 (2.80, 5.32)#

4.48 (3.09, 6.49)#

2.29 (1.65, 3.18)#

 P for trend

 

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

Worry about health insurancea,c

 Not worried at all

2706 (68.6)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 A little bit worried

940 (23.8)

1.31 (1.07, 1.58)

1.30 (1.07, 1.58)

1.32 (1.10, 1.59)

1.38 (1.13, 1.70)

 Extremely worried

299 (7.6)

1.76 (1.27, 2.43)#

1.47 (1.07, 2.03)

2.51 (1.69, 3.72)#

2.15 (1.57, 2.95)#

 P for trend

 

0.0002

0.0022

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

Worry about fooda,d

 Not worried at all

2621 (66.4)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 A little bit worried

1113 (28.2)

1.55 (1.27, 1.89)#

1.49 (1.23, 1.80)#

1.44 (1.21, 1.71)#

1.64 (1.34, 2.00)#

 Extremely worried

215 (5.4)

2.79 (1.89, 4.11)#

2.56 (1.74, 3.77)#

3.84 (2.21, 6.66)#

2.53 (1.73, 3.69)#

 P for trend

 

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

Social supporta

 Poor

1155 (29.3)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Moderate

1797 (45.6)

0.39 (0.32, 0.47)#

0.33 (0.27, 0.39)#

0.40 (0.34, 0.47)#

0.64 (0.53, 0.77)#

 Strong

985 (25.0)

0.32 (0.25, 0.40)#

0.20 (0.16, 0.26)#

0.23 (0.18, 0.28)#

0.57 (0.46, 0.72)#

 P for trend

 

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

Change in relationship with parents a,e,*

 No change

1619 (67.8)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Better

437 (18.3)

1.20 (0.92, 1.57)

1.05 (0.81, 1.37)

1.17 (0.92, 1.50)

1.14 (0.87, 1.48)

 Worse

331 (13.9)

2.43 (1.85, 3.21)#

1.66 (1.25, 2.19)#

1.59 (1.19, 2.11)

2.25 (1.71, 2.94)#

Change in relationship with childrena,f,*

 No change

1369 (61.0)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Better

627 (28.0)

1.27 (0.94, 1.72)

1.13 (0.84, 1.51)

1.26 (1.00, 1.60)

1.29 (0.96, 1.73)

 Worse

247 (11.0)

2.55 (1.78, 3.66)#

2.59 (1.82, 3.68)#

2.21 (1.58, 3.10)#

1.87 (1.30, 2.69)

Change in relationship with significant others a,g,*

 No change

1400 (52.5)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Better

830 (31.1)

1.11 (0.86, 1.43)

0.98 (0.76, 1.27)

1.02 (0.83, 1.25)

1.2 (0.93, 1.53)

 Worse

438 (16.4)

2.85 (2.16, 3.77)#

3.05 (2.31, 4.02)#

3.14 (2.39, 4.12)#

1.76 (1.32, 2.33)#

Change in relationshipa,h

 No change

1686 (46.0)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Better, no worse

1159 (31.6)

1.36 (1.10, 1.68)

1.13 (0.92, 1.37)

1.18 (1.00, 1.39)

1.33 (1.08, 1.60)

 Mixed

243 (6.6)

3.44 (2.50, 4.71)#

2.12 (1.55, 2.92)#

2.67 (1.97, 3.63)#

2.40 (1.72, 3.23)#

 Worse, no better

576 (15.7)

3.91 (3.11, 4.92)#

3.14 (2.51, 3.92)#

2.94 (2.37, 3.66)#

2.23 (1.77, 2.80)#

  1. Bold indicates P < 0.05 prior to Bonferroni correction.
  2. GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 items, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items, PSS-4 Perceived Stress Scale 4, PC-PTSD primary care PTSD screen, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder.
  3. *Participants who choose “Not applicable” to questions on change in family relationships were excluded from analyses.
  4. #P < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction.
  5. aAdjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, annual household income, marital status, employment status, and quarantine status.
  6. bAdjusted for worry about health insurance and food.
  7. cAdjusted for worry about money and food.
  8. dAdjusted for worry about money and health insurance.
  9. eAdjusted for change in relationship with children and significant others.
  10. fAdjusted for change in relationship with parents and significant others.
  11. gAdjusted for change in relationship with parents and children.
  12. h“No change” indicates participants did not change relationships with parents, children, or significant others. “Better, no worse” indicates participants had better and no worse relationships with parents, children, and significant others. “Mixed” indicates participants had both better and worse relationships with parents, children, and significant others. “Worse, no better” indicates participants had worse and no better relationships with parents, children, and significant others.
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