Table 1 Participants baseline characteristics.
Variable | Participants | Overall group difference | Pair-wise comparisons | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Controls (C) | Siblings (S) | Patients (P) | |||
Background characteristics | |||||
Age, mean (SE) | 30.60 (0.39) | 27.70 (0.28) | 27.40 (0.27) | F = 24.0, p < 0.001 | P < C; S < C |
Gender, male n (%) | 269 (46.1) | 477 (45.6) | 857 (75.4) | X2 = 240.97, p < 0.001 | |
Ethnicity, Caucasian n (%) | 523 (92.1) | 871 (83.6) | 871 (79.1) | X2 = 45.84, p < 0.001 | |
Years of education, mean (SE) | 15.6 (0.16) | 13.5 (0.12) | 12.4 (0.12) | F = 64.5, p < 0.001 | P < S & C; S < C |
Marital status n (%) | |||||
Not married | 319 (57.6) | 589 (57.5) | 960 (87.8) | X2 = 303.17, p < 0.001 | |
Married/Living together | 219 (39.5) | 412 (40.2) | 104 (9.5) | ||
Other (divorced and widowed) | 16 (2.9) | 24 (2.3) | 30 (2.7) | ||
Estimated current IQ, mean (SE) | 109.61 (0.69) | 102.58 (0.52) | 94.81 (0.49) | F = 190.93, p < 0.001 | P < S & C; S < C |
Premorbid adjustment, mean (SE) | 1.13 (0.03) | 1.11 (0.02) | 1.98 (0.02) | F = 448.7, p < 0.001 | P > S; P > C |
Age onset illness, mean (SE) | 23.1 (0.23) | ||||
Duration of illness, mean (SE) | 4.98 (4.46) | ||||
Number of psychotic episodes, mean (SE) | 1.72 (1.17) | ||||
Use of antipsychoticsa n (%) | |||||
Not currently using | 38 (5.22) | ||||
Currently using | 574 (78.85) | ||||
Unknown if currently using | 116 (15.93) | ||||
Type of antipsychotics n (%) | |||||
Typical | 80 (10) | ||||
Atypical | 717 (90) | ||||
Cannabis use | 83 (14.4) | 192 (18.6) | 424 (38.2) | X2 = 156.80, p < 0.001 | |
Polygenic risk score of SCZ, mean (SE) | |||||
PRSSCZ (PT = 5 × 10–8) | − 0.54 (0.69) | − 0.39 (0.64) | − 0.29 (0.69) | F = 16.40, p = 0.001 | P > C |
PRSSCZ (PT = 0.05) | − 453.72 (4.75) | − 452.21 (4.61) | − 450.16 (4.77) | F = 75.07, p < 0.001 | P > S & C; S > C |
PRSSCZ (PT = 0.1) | − 586.57 (5.50) | − 584.94 (5.25) | − 582.49 (5.49) | F = 75.70, p < 0.001 | P > S & C; S > C |
PRSSCZ (PT = 0.5) | − 902.40 (6.70) | − 900.58 (6.43) | − 897.62 (6.79) | F = 70.04, p < 0.001 | P > S & C; S > C |
Schizotypy, mean (SE) | |||||
Positive | 0.30 (0.02) | 0.38 (0.01) | F = 59.45, p < 0.001 | S > C | |
Negative | 0.23 (0.01) | 0.27 (0.0.01) | F = 49.25, p < 0.001 | S > C | |
Psychotic symptoms, mean (SE) | |||||
Positive | 13.90 (0.20) | ||||
Negative | 14.99 (0.21) | ||||
Disorganization | 16.77 (0.20) | ||||
Emotional distress | 15.82 (0.18) | ||||
Excitement | 12.05 (0.13) | ||||
Psychotic experiences, mean (SE) | |||||
Positive symptoms frequency | 0.19 (0.01) | 0.20 (0.01) | 0.67 (0.01) | F = 571.97, p < 0.001 | P > S & C |
Positive symptoms distress | 0.43 (0.03) | 0.46 (0.02) | 1.25 (0.02) | F = 511.36, p < 0.001 | P > S & C |
Negative symptoms frequency | 0.49 (0.02) | 0.54 (0.01) | 1.02 (0.01) | F = 401.58, p < 0.001 | P > S & C |
Negative symptoms distress | 0.67 (0.02) | 0.68 (0.02) | 1.25 (0.02) | F = 305.75, p < 0.001 | P > S & C |
Depressive symptoms frequencya | 0.58 (0.02) | 0.62 (0.02) | 1.00 (0.02) | F = 217.76, p < 0.001 | P > S & C |
Depressive symptoms distressa | 0.88 (0.03) | 0.92 (0.02) | 1.44 (0.02) | F = 212.19, p < 0.001 | P > S & C |
General cognition | 0.62 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.05) | − 1.18 (0.05) | F = 312.77, p < 0.001 | P < S & C; S < C |
Functioning and quality of life, mean (SE) | |||||
Occupational functioninga | 8.93 (0.13) | 8.92 (0.10) | 5.91 (0.10) | F = 292.98, p < 0.0001 | P < S & C |
Social functioninga | 124.04 (0.36) | 122.32 (0.28) | 112.51 (0.27) | F = 474.62, p < 0.0001 | P < S & C; S < C |
Global functioning | 54.50 (0.52) | ||||
Quality of life | 4.07 (0.02) | 3.97 (0.02) | 3.40 (0.02) | F = 492.16, p < 0.0001 | P < S & C; S < C |
