Table 1 Tibial length, femur weight, 2D bone microstructure, bone mechanical properties, bone mineral density and 3D microstructure, and blood chemistry of 6-week and 15-weeks old rats fed low calcium diet for 2, and 11 weeks, respectively. L, low calcium diet; S1, calcium-replete diet with 25(OH)D3. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with corresponding S1, †††P < 0.001 compared with 6-week-old with the same treatment.

From: Running exercise with and without calcium supplementation from tuna bone reduced bone impairment caused by low calcium intake in young adult rats

 

6-Week-old

15-Week-old

S1

L

S1

L

Mean ± SEM

n

Mean ± SEM

n

Mean ± SEM

n

Mean ± SEM

n

Bone length and weight

 Tibial length (cm)

3.139 ± 0.015

8

3.199 ± 0.042

8

3.780 ± 0.025†††

8

3.849 ± 0.028†††

8

 Dry weight (g)

0.2889 ± 0.007

8

0.2150 ± 0.004***

8

0.6259 ± 0.019†††

8

0.4344 ± 0.009***†††

8

 Ash weight (g)

0.1668 ± 0.004

8

0.0989 ± 0.001***

8

0.3865 ± 0.012†††

8

0.2116 ± 0.003***†††

8

2D bone microstructure

 BV/TV (%)

20.82 ± 0.803

8

10.61 ± 0.79***

6

31.98 ± 1.701†††

7

10.13 ± 1.359***

8

 Tb.Th. (µm)

48.14 ± 1.055

8

30.10 ± 1.433***

6

66.83 ± 2.509†††

7

47.64 ± 2.988***†††

8

 Tb.Sp. (µm)

185.1 ± 8.810

8

256.8 ± 10.88

6

144.0 ± 8.365

7

465.0 ± 52.63***†††

8

 Tb.N. (mm−1)

4.329 ± 0.154

8

3.506 ± 0.121*

6

4.780 ± 0.167

7

2.101 ± 0.224***†††

8

Bone mechanical properties

 Maximal load (N)

60.44 ± 2.668

8

26.66 ± 1.963***

8

123.3 ± 10.23†††

8

67.33 ± 1.895***†††

8

 Ultimate displacement (mm)

1.570 ± 0.082

8

2.147 ± 0.202**

8

0.774 ± 0.075†††

8

1.029 ± 0.058†††

8

 Stiffness (N/mm)

124.9 ± 7.223

8

46.48 ± 4.353*

8

375.5 ± 38.13†††

8

178.2 ± 5.894***†††

8

 Modulus (GPa)

5.354 ± 0.286

8

1.954 ± 0.142*

8

15.43 ± 1.540†††

8

7.539 ± 0.495***†††

8

Bone mineral density and content, and related parameters

 Metaphyseal distal femur

  Trabecular BMD (g/cm2)

0.3604 ± 0.007

8

0.3279 ± 0.048

8

0.3931 ± 0.007

8

0.1729 ± 0.018***††

7

  Trabecular BMC (mg/mm)

4.131 ± 0.114

8

0.4775 ± 0.208***

8

3.471 ± 0.179

8

2.130 ± 0.181***†††

7

  Cortical BMD (g/cm2)

0.8994 ± 0.005

8

0.7140 ± 0.031***

8

1.072 ± 0.009†††

8

0.954 ± 0.013***†††

7

  Cortical BMC (mg/mm)

2.984 ± 0.130

8

0.098 ± 0.020***

8

9.145 ± 0.460†††

8

2.790 ± 0.156***†††

7

  Cortical thickness (mm)

0.2384 ± 0.010

8

0.025 ± 0.003***

8

0.6053 ± 0.037†††

8

0.2099 ± 0.011***†††

7

  Cortical area (cm2)

3.304 ± 0.135

8

0.1255 ± 0.026***

8

8.596 ± 0.475†††

8

2.908 ± 0.134***†††

7

 Diaphyseal midshaft femur

  Cortical BMD (g/cm2)

1.172 ± 0.008

8

0.992 ± 0.007***

8

1.296 ± 0.004†††

8

1.145 ± 0.013***†††

7

  Cortical BMC (mg/mm)

4.664 ± 0.093

8

2.043 ± 0.062***

8

7.746 ± 0.114†††

8

4.361 ± 0.068***†††

7

  Cortical thickness (mm)

0.463 ± 0.008

8

0.231 ± 0.008***

8

0.554 ± 0.004†††

8

0.354 ± 0.007***†††

7

  Cortical area (cm2)

3.981 ± 0.080

8

2.058 ± 0.056***

8

5.979 ± 0.088†††

8

3.813 ± 0.081***†††

7

 Blood chemistry

  25(OH)D3 (ng/mL)

116.7 ± 3.321

6

44.79 ± 6.026***

6

81.43 ± 10.30

7

34.85 ± 3.572***

7

  1,25(OH)2D3 (nM)

1.214 ± 0.105

7

1.712 ± 0.158*

7

1.396 ± 0.201

7

2.303 ± 0.086***

7

  Total calcium (mM)

2.788 ± 0.070

8

2.459 ± 0.035***

8

2.724 ± 0.042

8

2.590 ± 0.033

8

  Ionized calcium (mM)

1.298 ± 0.012

8

1.223 ± 0.011***

8

1.344 ± 0.006

8

1.221 ± 0.010***

8

  Inorganic phosphate (mM)

3.823 ± 0.191

8

4.031 ± 0.064

8

2.823 ± 0.137

8

3.534 ± 0.094**

8

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