Table 3 Bone length, bone weight, bone mineral density and content, and 3-dimensional microstructure of femur and blood chemistry of sedentary and voluntary running exercise fed low calcium diet or calcium supplementation from tuna bone. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with corresponding L, †P < 0.05 compared with sedentary L. Significant values are in bold.

From: Running exercise with and without calcium supplementation from tuna bone reduced bone impairment caused by low calcium intake in young adult rats

 

n

Sedentary

Exercise

P value

SL

SB

EL

EB

Supplement

Exercise

Interaction

Bone length

 Femur (cm)

10

3.477 ± 0.031

3.475 ± 0.020

3.479 ± 0.013

3.525 ± 0.035

0.4092

0.3303

0.3683

 Tibia (cm)

10

3.897 ± 0.018

3.873 ± 0.030

3.890 ± 0.017

3.921 ± 0.013

0.8684

0.3348

0.1981

Bone weight

 Dry (g)

10

0.583 ± 0.013

0.692 ± 0.019***

0.603 ± 0.012

0.710 ± 0.016***

< 0.0001

0.2330

0.9702

 Ash (g)

10

0.334 ± 0.011

0.446 ± 0.015***

0.363 ± 0.010

0.455 ± 0.011***

< 0.0001

0.1117

0.4011

Metaphyseal distal femur

 Subcortical BMD (g/cm3)

10

0.963 ± 0.024

0.964 ± 0.032

0.977 ± 0.047

0.962 ± 0.038

0.5449

0.6036

0.4893

 Subcortical BMC (mg/mm)

10

7.138 ± 0.767

15.78 ± 3.134c

7.967 ± 1.140

17.416 ± 2.720***

< 0.0001

0.0828

0.5621

 Trabecular BMD (g/cm3)

10

0.266 ± 0.045

0.448 ± 0.037***

0.317 ± 0.048†

0.476 ± 0.015***

< 0.0001

0.0028

0.3438

 Trabecular BMC (mg/mm)

10

3.042 ± 0.562

1.668 ± 0.653***

3.403 ± 0.757

1.353 ± 0.465***

< 0.0001

0.9071

0.0928

 Trabecular area (cm2)

10

11.27 ± 0.984

3.848 ± 1.729***

10.63 ± 1.738

2.88 ± 1.049***

< 0.0001

0.0828

0.7140

 Cortical BMD (g/cm3)

10

1.102 ± 0.018

1.100 ± 0.040

1.073 ± 0.032

1.064 ± 0.036

0.5834

0.0035

0.7274

 Cortical BMC (mg/mm)

10

6.118 ± 0.581

13.79 ± 3.142***

6.938 ± 0.963

15.28 ± 2.602***

< 0.0001

0.0932

0.6207

 Cortical area (cm2)

10

5.561 ± 0.536

12.96 ± 3.076***

6.182 ± 0.855

14.46 ± 2.535***

< 0.0001

0.1121

0.5048

 Cortical thickness (mm)

10

0.396 ± 0.032

1.022 ± 0.267***

0.451 ± 0.060

1.141 ± 0.195***

< 0.0001

0.1118

0.5514

 Cortical Ps.Pm (mm)

10

15.30 ± 0.560

15.92 ± 0.820

15.48 ± 1.097

16.21 ± 1.014

0.0233

0.4097

0.8454

 Cortical Es.Pm (mm)

10

12.81 ± 0.520

9.495 ± 1.300***

12.65 ± 1.019

9.040 ± 0.997***

< 0.0001

0.3335

0.6478

Diaphyseal midshaft femur

 Cortical BMD (g/cm3)

10

1.234 ± 0.017

1.305 ± 0.012***

1.258 ± 0.022†

1.305 ± 0.011***

< 0.0001

0.0230

0.0251

 Cortical BMC (mg/mm)

10

6.434 ± 0.461

7.967 ± 0.919***

7.168 ± 0.512

8.082 ± 0510*

< 0.0001

0.0396

0.1282

 Cortical area (cm2)

10

5.219 ± 0.396

6.107 ± 0.718**

5.701 ± 0.465

6.194 ± 0.404

< 0.0001

0.0390

0.1202

 Cortical thickness (mm)

10

0.495 ± 0.027

0.569 ± 0.055**

0.551 ± 0.044†

0.588 ± 0.034

< 0.0001

0.0067

0.1597

 Cortical Ps.Pm (mm)

10

12.10 ± 0.465

12.50 ± 0.458

12.07 ± 0.456

12.38 ± 0.341

0.0145

0.6114

0.7075

 Cortical Es.Pm (mm)

10

8.987 ± 0.456

8.923 ± 0.286

8.613 ± 0.502

8.682 ± 0.343

0.9883

0.0196

0.6016

Blood chemistry

 Total calcium (mM)

10

2.549 ± 0.031

2.686 ± 0.032*

2.476 ± 0.041

2.527 ± 0.031

0.0088

0.0016

0.2131

 Ionized calcium (mM)

10

1.343 ± 0.016

1.324 ± 0.007

1.306 ± 0.007

1.304 ± 0.014

0.3805

0.0212

0.4769

 Inorganic phosphate (mM)

10

2.540 ± 0.092

2.906 ± 0.057*

2.559 ± 0.080

2.849 ± 0.086

0.0002

0.8134

0.6374

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