Table 1 Humpback whale photo-ID reference catalog naming systems integrated in this study.

Alaska Whale Foundation

AWF

780

10,508

Southeast Alaska

BALYENA.ORG⁷⁵

BALYENA

228

1193

Philippines

Bree Witteveen Alaska Catalog

BREE

1906

7959

Alaska Peninsula and Gulf of Alaska

MML Cetacean Assessment and Ecology Program

CAEP

412

3889

Pelagic North Pacific

Association ELI-S

CCN

124

1713

Nicaragua

Canadian Pacific Humpback Collaboration

CPHC

1197

14,569

British Columbia

Cascadia Research Collective^{4,76,77,78,79}

CRC

7017

66,967

British Columbia to Central America, mostly US West Coast

Clayoquot and Barkley Sound

CS

530

6094

Central British Columbia

DFO Canada

DFO

1982

26,494

British Columbia

Eye of the Whale

EOTW

172

1589

Gulf of Alaska and Hawaiʻi

ECOBAC FIBB Catalog

FIBB

2818

27,130

Mexico

Glacier Bay National Park & Preserve

GBNP

72

732

Glacier Bay and Icy Strait, Southeast Alaska

Gulf Watch Alaska

GWAK

361

2216

Kenai Fjords and Prince William Sound, Gulf of Alaska

Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary

HIHWNMS

1051

7368

Hawai’i

Happywhale⁴²

HW

11,851

78,070

Pan-Pacific

Juneau Flukes

JUNEAU

19

1180

Juneau, Southeast Alaska

Kachemak Bay Whales

KBAY

391

2188

Kachemak Bay, Gulf of Alaska

Keiki Kohola Project

KKP

33

198

Hawai’i

Marine Education and Research Society

MERS

308

7288

Central and southern British Columbia

Humpbacks of the Salish Sea (HWSS)

HWSS

483

7853

Salish Sea

Marine Mammals of Oaxaca

MMO

65

781

Oaxaca, Mexico

North Coast Cetacean Society

NCCS

329

5169

Northern British Columbia

North Coast Cetacean Research Initiative

NCCRI

188

1860

Northern British Columbia

North Gulf Oceanic Society

NGOS

39

396

Gulf of Alaska

Okinawa Churashima Foundation⁷⁵

OCF

1732

6322

Okinawa, Japan

Oregon State University Marine Mammal Institute Whale Habitat, Ecology, and Telemetry Laboratory⁸⁰

OSUWTG

1242

14,765

Central and eastern Pacific

Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries³⁵

PIFSC

92

245

Mariana Islands and Northwestern Hawaiian

Pacific Whale Foundation

PWF

5022

33,346

Hawai’i-focused, pan-Pacific

Prince William Sound Catalog

PWS

184

1570

Prince William Sound, Alaska

Russian Cetacean Habitat Project^75,81

RCHP

2028

6545

Russia

Sayulita Humpback Whale

SAYU

145

1376

Sayulita, Mexico

Southeast Alaska Humpback Whale Catalog

SEAK

2571

34,284

Southeast Alaska

SPLASH Project^8,21

SPLASH

7838

64,144

Pan-Pacific

The Dolphin Institute²⁵

TDI

1055

5970

Hawai’i and Southeast Alaska

The Marine Mammal Center

TMMC

67

1827

San Francisco Bay, California

Programa de Investigación de Mamiferos Marinos, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur

UABCS

601

3950

Baja California Sur and Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico

UNAM

1053

9045

Mexico

Whales of Guerrero

WGRP

329

5242

Guerrero, Mexico

Whale Trust

WTM

1994

15,708

Hawai’i