Table 3 Comparison of prediction models under different excitation functions.

From: A novel combined intelligent algorithm prediction model for the tunnel surface settlement

Excitation functions

MSE

RMSE

MAPE

Sigmoid

0.0026

0.0513

0.0144

Hardlim

0.2739

0.5233

0.1345

Sine

0.1012

0.3181

0.1079