Table 3 Values of quantitative evaluation metrics for fixed bed models at various column outlets.

Model name	Parameter	C₀ = 50 mg/L	C₀ = 100 mg/L	C₀ = 150 mg/L	Q = 1.58 mL/min	Q = 4.75 mL/min	Q = 9.5 mL/min
Port 1 fixed bed experiments
Bohart–Adams model	Kc₀	0.10	0.33	0.44	0.10	0.14	0.51
	kN.Z/u	3.64	3.25	2.51	3.64	2.71	2.37
	SSE	0.02	0.05	0.04	0.02	0.10	0.02
	R²	0.9953	0.9824	0.9808	0.9953	0.9670	0.9887
Yan model	R²	0.9652	0.9673	0.9648	0.9652	0.9808	0.9722
Belter–Cussler–Hu model	R²	0.9755	0.8933	0.9100	0.9755	0.9385	0.9008
Clark model	R²	0.9945	0.9818	0.9808	0.9945	0.9666	0.9241
Port 2 fixed bed experiments
Bohart–Adams model	Kc₀	0.08	0.15	0.51	0.09	0.09	0.42
	kN.Z/u	4.92	4.19	5.16	4.66	3.07	2.90
	SSE	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.05	0.02
	R²	0.9979	0.9919	0.9943	0.9945	0.9867	0.9928
Yan model	R²	0.8926	0.9346	0.9183	0.9096	0.9790	0.9684
Belter–Cussler–Hu model	R²	0.9813	0.9658	0.8889	0.9714	0.9750	0.8684
Clark model	R²	0.9970	0.9890	0.9940	0.9937	0.9865	0.9923
Port 3 fixed bed experiments
Bohart–Adams model	Kc₀	0.08	0.09	0.56	0.08	0.08	0.33
	kN.Z/u	5.48	4.08	3.55	5.48	4.26	3.31
	SSE	0.04	6.01	0.06	0.04	0.01	0.03
	R²	0.9929	0.9912	0.9817	0.9929	0.9970	0.9883
Yan model	R²	0.8780	0.9497	0.9590	0.8780	0.9142	0.9619
Belter–Cussler–Hu model	R²	0.9734	0.9682	0.9417	0.9734	0.9912	0.8576
Clark model	R²	0.9919	0.9900	0.9599	0.9919	0.9960	0.9882

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