Figure 1

A subset of sexually-naïve male voles exhibit spontaneous parental behaviors. (A) The average frequency of each parental behavior for each group. (B) The average time spent engaged in each parental behavior for each group. (C) The average frequency of each non-parental behavior for each group. (D) The average time spent engaged in each non-parental behavior for each group. Whiskers indicate min. and max values. Solid lines indicate median values. N = 7–9 per group. * indicates p < 0.05 and ** indicates p < 0.01.