Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants according to the risk of dysphagia by sex.
Men | P | Women | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk of dysphagia | Risk of dysphagia | |||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | |||
(n = 1234) | (n = 423) | (n = 992) | (n = 421) | |||
Age (years)a | 66.3 (4.1) | 67.0 (4.1) | 0.001 | 66.3 (4.2) | 67.3 (4.2) | < 0.001 |
Energy intake (kcal/day)b | 1849.0 (1677.4, 2011.7) | 1827.9 (1656.5, 1999.4) | 0.784 | 1478.6 (1329.1, 1596.1) | 1494.8 (1355.9, 1634.5) | 0.048 |
BMI (n, %) | 0.691 | 0.887 | ||||
< 18.5 | 30 (2.4) | 13 (3.1) | 115 (11.6) | 50 (11.9) | ||
18.5 to < 25 | 954 (77.3) | 318 (75.2) | 741 (74.7) | 327 (77.7) | ||
≥ 25 | 245 (19.9) | 90 (21.3) | 134 (13.5) | 44 (10.5) | ||
Unknown | 5 (0.4) | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.2) | 0 (0) | ||
Sleep duration (h/day)a | 7.0 (1.0) | 6.8 (1.0) | 0.010 | 6.5 (0.9) | 6.4 (1.0) | 0.090 |
Daily physical activityb (MET–h/week) | 98.0 (49.0, 168.0) | 101.5 (54.3, 169.8) | 0.538 | 155.8 (85.8, 203.0) | 155.8 (106.8, 203.0) | 0.556 |
Leisure-time exercise (MET–h/week)b | 14.3 (4.8, 29.8) | 14.3 (3.6, 28.6) | 0.129 | 14.3 (3.6, 28.6) | 12.6 (3.57, 28.6) | 0.403 |
Working time (h/week)b | 19.6 (21.2) | 16.2 (20.4) | 0.004 | 9.9 (16.1) | 7.1 (13.6) | 0.002 |
Working | 683 (55.3) | 201 (47.5) | 0.007 | 372 (37.5) | 126 (29.9) | 0.008 |
Education level (years) (n, %) | 0.727 | 0.728 | ||||
≤ 9 | 117 (9.5) | 47 (11.1) | 106 (10.7) | 38 (9.0) | ||
10–15 | 656 (53.2) | 209 (162) | 762 (76.8) | 341 (81.0) | ||
≥ 16 | 451 (36.5) | 162 (38.3) | 117 (11.8) | 41 (9.7) | ||
Unknown | 10 (0.8) | 5 (1.2) | 7 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | ||
Smoking habit (n, %) | 0.701 | 0.172 | ||||
Current | 132 (10.7) | 40 (9.5) | 23 (2.3) | 18 (4.3) | ||
Past | 704 (57.1) | 256 (60.5) | 60 (6.0) | 29 (6.9) | ||
Never | 397 (32.2) | 126 (29.8) | 908 (91.5) | 371 (88.1) | ||
Unknown | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 3 (0.7) | ||
Current alcohol drinking (n, %) | 0.622 | 0.476 | ||||
Yes | 905 (73.3) | 305 (72.1) | 333 (33.6) | 150 (35.6) | ||
No | 329 (26.7) | 118 (27.9) | 658 (66.3) | 270 (64.1) | ||
Unknown | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | ||
Prevalence (n, %)c | ||||||
Cancer | 129 (10.5) | 50 (11.8) | 0.435 | 77 (7.8) | 45 (10.7) | 0.073 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 37 (3.0) | 20 (4.7) | 0.092 | 23 (2.3) | 13 (3.1) | 0.401 |
Heart disease | 75 (6.1) | 31 (7.3) | 0.364 | 29 (2.9) | 17 (4.0) | 0.280 |
