Table 3 Risk of dysphagia according to the amount of leisure-time exercise (MET–h/week).

Leisure-time exercise (MET–h/week)	Q1 ≤ 1.79	Q2 1.80–8.92	Q3 8.93–21.63	Q4 ≥ 21.64	P for trend
Men and women (n = 3070)
No. of participants	417 (13.6)	830 (27.0)	752 (24.5)	1071 (34.9)
No. of dysphagia risk cases (n, %)	130 (31.2)	233 (28.1)	203 (27.0)	278 (26.0)
Age- and sex-adjusted OR^a (95% CI)	1.00 (Ref.)	0.86 (0.67–1.12)	0.78 (0.60–1.02)	0.70 (0.55–0.91)	0.004
Multivariate-adjusted OR^b	1.00 (Ref.)	0.84 (0.65–1.10)	0.77 (0.58–1.01)	0.68 (0.52–0.89)	0.003
Men (n = 1657)
No. of participants	196 (11.8)	451 (27.2)	417 (25.2)	593 (35.8)
No. of dysphagia risk cases (n, %)	58 (29.6)	119 (26.4)	105 (25.2)	141 (23.8)
Age-adjusted OR^c (95% CI)	1.00 (Ref.)	0.84 (0.58–1.22)	0.75 (0.51–1.10)	0.67 (0.46–0.96)	0.021
Multivariate-adjusted OR^b (95% CI)	1.00 (Ref.)	0.83 (0.57–1.22)	0.73 (0.49–1.08)	0.65 (0.44–0.95)	0.019
Women (n = 1413)
No. of participants	221 (15.6)	379 (26.8)	335 (23.7)	478 (33.8)
No. of dysphagia risk cases (n, %)	72 (32.6)	114 (30.1)	98 (29.3)	137 (28.7)
Age-adjusted OR^c (95% CI)	1.00 (Ref.)	0.87 (0.61–1.25)	0.80 (0.55–1.16)	0.74 (0.52–1.06)	0.088
Multivariate-adjusted OR^b (95% CI)	1.00 (Ref.)	0.84 (0.57–1.22)	0.79 (0.53–1.17)	0.71 (0.48–1.03)	0.074

CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.
^aAge- and sex-adjusted OR: age, sex, the amount of daily physical activity (quartiles).
^bMultivariate-adjusted OR: age, sex (men and women combined only), energy intake, BMI, sleep duration, working time, education level, smoking habit, current alcohol drinking, medical history of cancer/cerebrovascular disease/heart disease, and study area, the amount of daily physical activity (quartiles).
^cAge-adjusted OR: age, the amount of daily physical activity (quartiles).

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