Table 4 Risk of dysphagia according to the amount of leisure-time exercise with and without medical history.

From: Association of daily physical activity and leisure-time exercise with dysphagia risk in community-dwelling older adults: a cross-sectional study

Leisure-time exercise (MET–h/week)

Q1 ≤ 1.79

Q2 1.80–8.92

Q3 8.93–21.63

Q4 ≥ 21.64

P for trend

With cancer, cerebrovascular disease, or heart disease

Men and women (n = 511)

   No. of participants

63 (12.3)

138 (27.0)

124 (24.3)

186 (36.4)

 

   No. of dysphagia risk cases (n, %)

23 (36.5)

36 (26.1)

39 (31.5)

63 (33.9)

 

   Age- and sex-adjusted ORa (95% CI)

1.00 (Ref.)

0.59 (0.31–1.12)

0.77 (0.40–1.47)

0.83 (0.45–1.54)

0.681

   Multivariate-adjusted ORb

1.00 (Ref.)

0.49 (0.25–0.97)

0.64 (0.32–1.28)

0.72 (0.37–1.39)

0.975

Men (n = 313)

   No. of participants

36 (11.5)

72 (23.0)

78 (24.9)

127 (40.6)

 

   No. of dysphagia risk cases (n, %)

17 (47.2)

16 (22.2)

21 (26.9)

36 (28.3)

 

   Age-adjusted ORc (95% CI)

1.00 (Ref.)

0.30 (0.13–0.72)

0.37 (0.16–0.85)

0.38 (0.17–0.84)

0.138

   Multivariate–adjusted ORb (95% CI)

1.00 (Ref.)

0.21 (0.08–0.55)

0.26 (0.10–0.66)

0.29 (0.12–0.70)

0.105

Women (n = 198)

   No. of participants

27 (13.6)

66 (33.3)

46 (23.3)

59 (29.8)

 

   No. of dysphagia risk cases (n, %)

6 (22.2)

20 (30.3)

18 (39.1)

27 (45.8)

 

   Age-adjusted ORc (95% CI)

1.00 (Ref.)

1.45 (0.50–4.15)

2.06 (0.69–6.19)

2.53 (0.86–7.43)

0.052

   Multivariate-adjusted ORb (95% CI)

1.00 (Ref.)

1.62 (0.48–5.44)

2.14 (0.62–7.44)

2.90 (0.85–9.89)

0.055

Without cancer, cerebrovascular disease, or heart disease

Men and women (n = 2559)

   No. of participants

354 (13.8)

692 (27.0)

628 (24.5)

885 (34.6)

 

   No. of dysphagia risk cases (n, %)

107 (30.2)

197 (28.5)

164 (26.1)

215 (24.3)

 

   Age- and sex-adjusted ORa (95% CI)

1.00 (Ref.)

0.92 (0.70–1.23)

0.78 (0.58–1.04)

0.68 (0.51–0.90)

0.001

   Multivariate-adjusted ORd

1.00 (Ref.)

0.91 (0.68–1.22)

0.78 (0.58–1.05)

0.66 (0.49–0.89)

0.001

Men (n = 1344)

   No. of participants

160 (11.9)

379 (28.2)

339 (25.2)

466 (34.7)

 

   No. of dysphagia risk cases (n, %)

41 (25.6)

103 (27.2)

84 (24.8)

105 (22.5)

 

   Age-adjusted ORc (95% CI)

1.00 (Ref.)

1.08 (0.70–1.64)

0.91 (0.59–1.41)

0.77 (0.50–1.17)

0.059

   Multivariate-adjusted ORd (95% CI)

1.00 (Ref.)

1.07 (0.69–1.65)

0.90 (0.57–1.40)

0.76 (0.49–1.86)

0.068

Women (n = 1215)

   No. of participants

194 (16.0)

313 (25.8)

289 (23.8)

419 (34.5)

 

   No. of dysphagia risk cases (n, %)

66 (34.0)

94 (30.0)

80 (27.7)

110 (26.3)

 

   Age-adjusted ORc (95% CI)

1.00 (Ref.)

0.82 (0.56–1.21)

0.70 (0.47–1.04)

0.62 (0.43–0.91)

0.010

   Multivariate-adjusted ORd (95% CI)

1.00 (Ref.)

0.80 (0.54–1.19)

0.70 (0.46–1.07)

0.59 (0.40–0.89)

0.009

  1. CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio.
  2. aAge- and sex-adjusted OR: age, sex, the amount of daily physical activity (quartiles).
  3. bMultivariate-adjusted OR: age, sex (men and women combined only), energy intake, BMI, sleep duration, working time, education level, smoking habit, current alcohol drinking, medical history of cancer/cerebrovascular disease/heart disease, and study area, the amount of daily physical activity (quartiles).
  4. cAge-adjusted OR: age, the amount of daily physical activity (quartiles).
  5. dMultivariate-adjusted OR: age, sex (men and women combined only), energy intake, BMI, sleep duration, working time, education level, smoking habit, current alcohol drinking, and study area, the amount of daily physical activity (quartiles).
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