Table 3 Effect size (Cohen’s d) referenced by quiet nasal breathing (Q-Bre) in the supine posture.

From: Interaction of breathing pattern and posture on abdominal muscle activation and intra-abdominal pressure in healthy individuals: a comparative cross-sectional study

 

Posture

Breathing task

Q-Bre

Deep-Bre

Forced-Expi

Exertion-Inspi

Inspiratory phase

 TrA-IO

Supine

ref

0.02

0.08

0.69†

Elbow-toe

0.40

0.39

0.17

1.57*

 EO

Supine

ref

0.49

1.07*

3.07*

Elbow-toe

21.84*

21.14*

21.40*

20.12*

 IAP

Supine

ref

7.49*

6.04*

3.69*

Elbow-toe

7.55*

20.01*

15.92*

18.57*

Expiratory phase

 TrA-IO

Supine

ref

0.03

2.26*

0.69†

Elbow-toe

0.31

0.57†

1.34*

1.42*

 EO

Supine

ref

0.44

12.82*

2.51*

Elbow-toe

20.81*

22.34*

26.71*

19.60*

 IAP

Supine

ref

10.53*

53.43*

4.94*

Elbow-toe

10.33*

26.20*

30.60*

21.07*

  1. ref reference value, IAP intra-abdominal pressure, TrA-IO transverse abdominal and internal oblique muscle, EO external oblique muscle, Q-Bre quiet nasal breathing, Deep nasal deep breathing until abdominal wall expansion, Forced-Expi completely forced expiration with pursed-lips until the abdominal wall hollowed, Exertion-Inspi exertional nasal inhalation with abdominal muscle isometric contraction to prevent abdominal wall expansion.
  2. *Large effect (d > 0.8).
  3. †Moderate effect (d > 0.5).
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