Table 2 The complete set of input features used in this study. aBilateral regions were included for amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, and accumbens area. Abbreviations: APOE = apolipoprotein E, MAPT = microtubule associated protein tau, GBA = glucosylceramidase beta 1, BDNF = Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor, COMT = Catechol-O-methyltransferase, LRRK2 = Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, SNCA = synuclein alpha, CSF = cerebrospinal fluid.

From: Machine learning-based prediction of longitudinal cognitive decline in early Parkinson’s disease using multimodal features

Features

Demographics

  Age, sex, years of education, handedness, disease duration

Cognition

  Baseline MoCA score

Clinical Tests

  Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)

  REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire (REM-SBDQ)

  University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT)

  MDS-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Part III

  Modified Schwab & England Activities of Daily Living Score (MSEADL)

  Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson’s Disease—Autonomic Dysfunction (SCOPA-AUT)

  State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)

  Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)

CSF biomarkers

  Amyloid beta1-42

  Total tau

  Phosphorylated tau

  Alpha-synuclein

Cortical regional volumes (all bilateral)

  Frontal: superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus (rostral, caudal), inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis, triangularis, orbitalis), orbitofrontal cortex (lateral, medial), precentral gyrus, paracentral lobule

  Parietal: superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule, precuneus, supramarginal gyrus, postcentral gyrus

  Occipital: cuneus, lateral occipital cortex, pericalcarine cortex, lingual gyrus

  Temporal: entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, transverse temporal gyrus

  Cingulate: anterior cingulate cortex (caudal and rostral), posterior cingulate cortex, isthmus of cingulate gyrus

Insula

Subcortical volumesa

  Amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, accumbens area, medulla, pons, superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP), midbrain

Total brain volume

Genetic variants

  APOE ε4

  MAPT (rs17649553)

  GBA (N370S)

  BDNF (rs6265)

  COMT (val158met)

  LRRK2 (G2019S)

  SNCA (rs356181)

  SNCA (rs3910105)

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