Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients included in the study.

From: Increased risk of incident diabetes in patients with MAFLD not meeting the criteria for NAFLD

Characteristics

Non-FLD without MD

Non-FLD with MD

MAFLD-only

NAFLD-only

Both FLD

p value

N (%)

10,505 (49.60)

3768 (17.79)

718 (3.39)

512 (2.42)

5640 (26.63)

 

Age, yrs

43 ± 9.22

48 ± 8.89

47 ± 8.10

45 ± 8.97

47 ± 8.59

 < 0.01

Male sex, n (%)

5713 (54.38)

2852 (75.69)

679 (94.57)

387 (75.59)

5063 (89.77)

 < 0.01

BMI, kg/m2

22.04 ± 2.37

24.41 ± 2.45

26.42 ± 2.71

21.71 ± 1.09

25.95 ± 2.44

 < 0.001

Excess drinker, n (%)†

380 (3.62)

277 (7.35)

429 (59.75)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 < 0.01

Alcohol amount, g/day

8.21 ± 12.22

13.09 ± 15.68

39.38 ± 28.71

6.76 ± 7.75

9.97 ± 9.01

 < 0.01

Alcohol duration, yrs

19.66 ± 9.47

24.50 ± 9.59

25.52 ± 8.80

23.26 ± 9.15

24.27 ± 8.51

 < 0.01

Hepatitis B, n (%)†

512 (4.87)

208 (5.52)

275 (38.30)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 < 0.01

Hepatitis C, n (%)†

58 (0.55)

24 (0.64)

31 (4.32)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 < 0.01

Use of antiviral agents, n (%)

113 (1.08)

54 (1.43)

76 (10.58)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 < 0.01

Current smoker, n (%)

2286 (21.76)

1112 (29.51)

310 (43.18)

142 (27.73)

1912 (33.90)

 < 0.01

Comorbidities, n (%)

     

 < 0.01

 Prediabetes†

975 (9.28)

1873 (49.71)

337 (46.94)

75 (14.65)

2321 (41.15)

 

 Hypertension†

1407 (13.39)

2376 (63.06)

369 (51.39)

77 (15.04)

2752 (48.79)

 

 CKD†

107 (1.02)

136 (3.61)

18 (2.51)

5 (0.98)

154 (2.73)

 

WC, cm

      

 Men

82.61 ± 5.96

88.65 ± 6.42

92.12 ± 6.70

81.78 ± 4.25

91.06 ± 6.42

 < 0.01

 Women

72.91 ± 6.05

80.30 ± 6.51

87.63 ± 6.96

73.67 ± 5.26

83.81 ± 7.56

 < 0.01

BUN, mg/dl

12.83 ± 3.28

13.46 ± 3.51

13.71 ± 3.15

13.13 ± 3.06

13.79 ± 3.26

 < 0.01

Creatinine, mg/dl

0.88 ± 0.18

0.95 ± 0.19

0.97 ± 0.14

0.92 ± 0.16

0.99 ± 0.17

 < 0.01

eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2

95.29 ± 13.94

90.04 ± 14.22

91.16 ± 12.95

93.73 ± 13.21

89.68 ± 13.79

 < 0.01

uACR, μg/mgCr

7.94 ± 43.62

15.02 ± 71.96

11.04 ± 36.58

7.27 ± 17.59

12.88 ± 76.29

 < 0.01

AST, IU/L

20.95 ± 11.89

22.95 ± 13.44

30.55 ± 25.99

22.66 ± 18.53

26.02 ± 13.28

 < 0.01

ALT, IU/L

19.43 ± 17.04

24.38 ± 16.52

38.38 ± 34.92

24.89 ± 15.14

34.87 ± 24.24

 < 0.01

FPG, mg/dl

87.41 ± 7.60

94.63 ± 9.55

96.14 ± 10.24

89.49 ± 7.78

94.43 ± 9.65

 < 0.01

HbA1c, %

5.16 ± 0.36

5.38 ± 0.42

5.39 ± 0.41

5.23 ± 0.37

5.38 ± 0.42

 < 0.01

HOMA-IR

1.34 ± 0.68

2.01 ± 1.03

2.47 ± 1.42

1.49 ± 0.72

2.38 ± 1.29

 < 0.01

TGs, mg/dl

85.36 ± 37.10

141.17 ± 78.66

167.65 ± 116.35

107.36 ± 49.55

162.63 ± 89.36

 < 0.01

HDL-C, mg/dl

62.15 ± 14.45

52.63 ± 13.64

51.37 ± 13.08

56.85 ± 12.87

48.82 ± 10.64

 < 0.01

hs-CRP, mg/dl

0.09 ± 0.22

0.16 ± 0.55

0.18 ± 0.45

0.10 ± 0.16

0.17 ± 0.54

 < 0.01

NFS

 − 2.83 ± 0.98

 − 2.30 ± 1.02

 − 2.26 ± 1.02

 − 3.02 ± 1.01

 − 2.51 ± 1.04

 < 0.01

US steatosis severity, n (%)

      

 Normal

10,505 (100)

3768 (100)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

 Mild

0 (0)

0 (0)

446 (62.12)

414 (80.86)

3390 (60.11)

 

 Moderate

0 (0)

0 (0)

251 (34.96)

94 (18.36)

2055 (36.44)

 

 Severe

0 (0)

0 (0)

21 (2.92)

4 (0.78)

195 (3.46)

 < 0.01

  1. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviations or frequency as appropriate. P-value was calculated using one-way ANOVA test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables. The Scheffe test was used in post-hoc analysis.
  2. Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index; CKD Chronic kidney disease; WC Waist circumference; eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate; uACR Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; AST aspartate aminotransferase; ALT Alanine aminotransferase; FPG Fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; TGs Triglycerides; HDL-C High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; hs-CRP High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; FLD Fatty liver disease; MD Metabolic dysfunction; MAFLD Metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease; NAFLD Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NFS NAFLD fibrosis score, US Ultrasonography; HBsAg Hepatitis B virus surface antigen; anti-HCV Ab Hepatitis C antibody.
  3. †Overweight/obesity: BMI of 23.0 or greater; hypertension: blood pressure greater than or equal to 130/85 mm Hg or specific drug treatment; prediabetes: fasting glucose 100 to 125 mg/dl or HbA1c 5.7% to 6.4% in participants without a prior diabetes diagnosis; CKD: eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or uACR greater than or equal to 30 mg/g; Excess drinker was defined as more than 30 g daily of alcohol consumption in men and more than 20 g in women; Hepatitis B was defined as positive HBsAg or a history of antiviral treatment; Hepatitis C was defined as positive anti-HCV antibody or a history of antiviral treatment.
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