Table 5 Association of HBV/HCV infection, fatty liver disease, and metabolic dysfunction with incident DM.

From: Increased risk of incident diabetes in patients with MAFLD not meeting the criteria for NAFLD

 

Cases, n

Events, n

Hazard ratio (95% CI)

Model 1† (95%CI)

p

Model 2‡ (95%CI)

p

Model 3§ (95%CI)

p

Model 4 (95%CI)

p

HBV/HCV(−)MD(−)FLD(−)

9935

163

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

HBV/HCV( +)MD(−)FLD(−)

570

12

1.30 (0.72–2.34)

0.38

1.21 (0.67–2.18)

0.52

1.05 (0.49–2.27)

0.89

1.05 (0.48–2.29)

0.90

HBV/HCV( +)MD( +)FLD(−)

232

26

7.04 (4.65–10.65)

 < 0.01

5.65 (3.72–8.57)

 < 0.01

6.11 (3.59–10.39)

 < 0.01

6.09 (3.45–10.76)

 < 0.01

HBV/HCV(−)MD( +)FLD( +)

4381

686

10.91 (9.19–12.94)

 < 0.01

8.64 (7.20–10.36)

 < 0.01

8.42 (6.64–10.67)

 < 0.01

8.42 (6.64–10.67)

 < 0.01

HBV/HCV( +)MD( +)FLD( +)

202

35

12.89 (8.94–18.58)

 < 0.01

10.08 (6.95–14.60)

 < 0.01

8.61 (5.28–14.03)

 < 0.01

8.59 (5.07–14.56)

 < 0.01

  1. Abbreviations: CI Confidence interval; CKD Chronic kidney disease; FLD Fatty liver disease; DM Diabetes mellitus; MD Metabolic dysfunction; HBV Hepatitis B virus; HCV Hepatitis C virus.
  2. †Model 1 was unadjusted.
  3. ‡Model 2 was adjusted for age and sex.
  4. §Model 3 was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, hypertension, CKD, and cardiovascular disease.
  5. Model 4 was adjusted for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, hypertension, CKD, cardiovascular disease, and use of antiviral agents.
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