Table 1 The characteristics of participants included in this study.
Lumbar BMD (g/cm2) | Q1 (0.56–0.932) | Q2 (0.932–1.027) | Q3 (1.027–1.131) | Q4 (1.131–2.477) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 41.37 ± 11.73 | 38.46 ± 11.64 | 37.99 ± 11.43 | 38.63 ± 11.50 | < 0.0001 |
Gender (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Male | 57.77 | 52.11 | 49.88 | 51.08 | |
Female | 42.23 | 47.89 | 50.12 | 48.92 | |
Race (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Mexican American | 14.54 | 12.01 | 10.07 | 6.03 | |
Other hispanic | 9.07 | 8.05 | 6.43 | 6.18 | |
Non-hispanic White | 59.42 | 59.88 | 62.85 | 59.58 | |
Non-hispanic Black | 6.01 | 9.14 | 11.99 | 19.33 | |
Other race | 10.96 | 10.92 | 8.65 | 8.87 | |
Education level (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Lower than high school | 18.08 | 13.67 | 11.28 | 10.47 | |
High school | 22.9 | 22.76 | 21.2 | 20.69 | |
More than high school | 59.02 | 63.57 | 67.53 | 68.85 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.90 ± 6.36 | 28.81 ± 6.49 | 28.63 ± 6.84 | 29.45 ± 7.21 | < 0.0001 |
High physical activity (%) | < 0.0001 | ||||
No | 14.48 | 13.6 | 11.84 | 12.56 | |
Yes | 85.52 | 86.4 | 88.16 | 87.34 | |
Smoke (%) | 0.0019 | ||||
Never | 55.93 | 59.67 | 61.21 | 61.11 | |
Ever | 22.03 | 19 | 18.49 | 18.05 | |
Current | 22.04 | 21.33 | 20.3 | 20.83 | |
Diabetes (%) | 0.0022 | ||||
No | 93.27 | 94.79 | 94.02 | 91.93 | |
Yes | 6.73 | 5.21 | 5.98 | 8.07 | |
Hypertension (%) | 0.001 | ||||
No | 83.14 | 86.74 | 87.35 | 84.47 | |
Yes | 16.87 | 13.26 | 12.65 | 15.52 | |
Total calcium (mmol/L) | 2.34 ± 0.09 | 2.34 ± 0.08 | 2.34 ± 0.08 | 2.34 ± 0.08 | 0.9584 |
Phosphorus (mmol/L) | 1.20 ± 0.18 | 1.19 ± 0.18 | 1.20 ± 0.18 | 1.20 ± 0.18 | 0.3654 |
Vitamin D (nmol/L) | 65.01 ± 25.73 | 65.74 ± 25.51 | 66.96 ± 26.45 | 66.76 ± 26.46 | 0.0232 |
SATM (kg) | 1.65 ± 0.77 | 1.64 ± 0.81 | 1.61 ± 0.85 | 1.62 ± 0.84 | 0.2021 |
VATM (kg) | 0.57 ± 0.28 | 0.50 ± 0.28 | 0.47 ± 0.26 | 0.47 ± 0.30 | < 0.0001 |
