Table 3 Effects of sowing date on photosynthetic characteristics of different E. plantagineum varieties at flowering stage. (2020–2022).

From: Effects of sowing date on photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll fluorescence and yield of different Echium plantagineum L. cultivars

Variety

Sowing date

Pn (μmol m–2 s–1)

Gs (mol m–2 s–1)

Ci (μmol mol–1)

Tr (mmolm–2 s–1)

WUE (%)

Ls

Blue bedder

T1

45.43 ± 0.32a

0.55 ± 0.03b

154.00 ± 6.56e

8.06 ± 0.08a

5.64 ± 0.04a

0.58 ± 0.02a

T2

45.33 ± 0.26a

0.61 ± 0.01ab

162.33 ± 2.33de

7.96 ± 0.55ab

5.75 ± 0.41a

0.56 ± 0.00ab

T3

44.33 ± 0.35b

0.64 ± 0.00ab

163.00 ± 2.89de

7.79 ± 0.25abc

5.70 ± 0.21a

0.55 ± 0.01ab

T4

43.77 ± 0.19bc

0.65 ± 0.03ab

168.67 ± 4.33de

7.79 ± 0.15abc

5.63 ± 0.13a

0.53 ± 0.01bc

T5

43.37 ± 0.26c

0.67 ± 0.06ab

188.00 ± 6.25bc

7.6 ± 0.17abc

5.71 ± 0.16a

0.49 ± 0.01de

Mixed bedding

T1

40.07 ± 0.34e

0.74 ± 0.05a

211.67 ± 4.70a

7.12 ± 0.30bc

5.65 ± 0.19a

0.44 ± 0.01f.

T2

41.90 ± 0.26d

0.58 ± 0.01b

177.00 ± 0.58 cd

7.24 ± 0.16abc

5.79 ± 0.16a

0.52 ± 0.00bcd

T3

41.37 ± 0.15d

0.58 ± 0.06b

195.33 ± 3.84b

7.03 ± 0.27c

5.91 ± 0.24a

0.48 ± 0.01e

T4

42.13 ± 0.41d

0.64 ± 0.06ab

185.00 ± 7.51bc

7.75 ± 0.09abc

5.44 ± 0.08a

0.50 ± 0.02cde

T5

41.77 ± 0.13d

0.58 ± 0.03b

194.00 ± 3.00b

7.41 ± 0.17abc

5.64 ± 0.13a

0.48 ± 0.01e

Source of variance

 Variety

**

ns

**

**

ns

**

 Sowing date

*

ns

**

ns

ns

**

 Variety × sowing date

**

*

**

ns

ns

**

  1. Values are means ± SD. Small letters in the same column indicate significant difference (P < 0.05). Pn net photosynthetic rate, Gs stomatal conductance, Ci intercellular CO2 concentration, Tr transpiration rate, WUE water-use efficiency, Ls stomatal limitation.