Table 4 Effects of sowing date on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of different E. plantagineum varieties at flowering stage (2020–2022).

Variety	Sowing date	F_o	F_m	F_v/F_m	qP	NPQ	ETR	ΦpsII
Blue bedder	T1	226.00 ± 10.58c	1254.67 ± 104.67a	0.82 ± 0.01a	0.35 ± 0.01a	1.57 ± 0.12a	118.24 ± 1.49a	0.19 ± 0.00a
	T2	244.67 ± 12.41c	1390.33 ± 118.90a	0.82 ± 0.01a	0.32 ± 0.02ab	1.41 ± 0.15ab	111.56 ± 4.02ab	0.18 ± 0.01ab
	T3	262.00 ± 14.36bc	1472.33 ± 77.80a	0.82 ± 0.00a	0.3 ± 0.01ab	1.22 ± 0.09ab	111.34 ± 3.78ab	0.17 ± 0.01ab
	T4	238.33 ± 14.17c	1325.33 ± 59.48a	0.82 ± 0.02a	0.3 ± 0.03ab	1.37 ± 0.02abc	104.87 ± 11.43abc	0.16 ± 0.02abc
	T5	226.33 ± 15.51c	1207.00 ± 95.11a	0.81 ± 0.02ab	0.29 ± 0.02ab	1.59 ± 0.16bcd	96.94 ± 8.42bcd	0.15 ± 0.01bcd
Mixed bedding	T1	290.67 ± 0.67bc	1277.67 ± 66.92a	0.77 ± 0.01bc	0.22 ± 0.01c	0.89 ± 0.30d	84.05 ± 1.74d	0.13 ± 0.00d
	T2	327.00 ± 39.43ab	1398.33 ± 67.92a	0.77 ± 0.02bc	0.29 ± 0.03ab	1.47 ± 0.11 cd	90.54 ± 1.91 cd	0.14 ± 0.00 cd
	T3	325.00 ± 30.09ab	1364.00 ± 72.50a	0.76 ± 0.01c	0.28 ± 0.02bc	1.59 ± 0.21d	85.84 ± 2.64d	0.13 ± 0.00d
	T4	386.67 ± 51.94a	1549.67 ± 209.31a	0.75 ± 0.01c	0.31 ± 0.02ab	1.23 ± 0.17bcd	95.21 ± 4.54bcd	0.15 ± 0.01bcd
	T5	328.67 ± 4.67ab	1392.67 ± 14.52a	0.76 ± 0.00c	0.29 ± 0.02ab	1.48 ± 0.13 cd	90.79 ± 4.90 cd	0.14 ± 0.01 cd
Source of variance
Variety		**	ns	**	*	ns	**	**
Sowing date		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Variety × sowing date		ns	ns	ns	*	ns	ns	ns

Values are means ± SD. Small letters in the same column indicate significant difference (P < 0.05). F_o Initial fluorescence, F_m Maximum fluorescence, F_v/F_m maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry, qP photochemical quenching coefficient, NPQ nonphotochemical quenching, ΦPSII actual photochemical efficiency of PSII, ETR electron transport rate.

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