Table 8 Indicators of metabolic and health status of dairy cows in urine and serum (unless stated otherwise), supplemented with four different levels of iodoform (0, 320, 640, and 800 mg/day) intra-ruminally twice daily.

	Iodoform supplementation					P-values			Reference value
	0 mg/day	320 mg/day	640 mg/day	800 mg/day	SEM	Treatment	Linear effect	Quadratic effect	Reference value
Urinal indicators of metabolic status
Creatinine, µM	5387^b	5590^b	6983^ab	9179^a	7.78	0.02	< 0.01	0.06	–
pH	8.02^b	8.05^ab	8.06^a	8.04^ab	0.021	0.04	0.06	0.02	–
Serum indicators of metabolic status
Glucose, mM	3.50^ab	3.44^b	3.59^a	3.50^ab	0.070	0.03	0.37	0.64	–
Urea, mM	3.58	3.79	3.98	3.86	0.218	0.27	0.07	0.43	–
l-Lactate, mM	1.55	1.15	1.27	1.13	0.238	0.35	0.17	0.40	–
BHB, mM	0.630	0.760	0.802	0.714	0.088	0.44	0.27	0.26	–
NEFA, µEq/L	105^a	100^a	120^ab	187^b	16.1	0.02	0.04	0.04	–
Serum biomarkers of health status¹
Plasma total T4, nmol/L¹	67.2^ab	69.4^a	60.5^b	59.0^b	2.55	0.01	0.01	0.08	–
AST, U/L	44.3	40.0	45.1	30.4	4.71	0.11	0.25	0.49	< 80
g-GT, U/L	20.8	21.5	22.6	18.0	3.29	0.16	0.74	0.18	< 20
GLDH, U/L	12.5	11.2	12.8	4.4	2.75	0.09	0.22	0.30	< 8
Total bilirubin, µmol/L	0.825^b	0.950^ab	0.900^b	1.37^a	0.195	0.03	0.07	0.29	< 5.0
Total protein, g/L	69.6	70.6	72.2	67.0	1.89	0.17	0.67	0.04	60–80
Albumin, g/L	37.0	37.4	38.4	35.1	1.31	0.23	0.87	0.28	30–40
Bile acids, µmol/L	29.3	23.2	30.0	19.9	9.41	0.80	0.68	0.99	15–80

BHB β-OH-butyrate, NEFA non-esterified fatty acids, T4 thyroxine hormone, AST aspartate aminotransferase, g-GT gamma-glutamyl transferase, and GLDH glutamate dehydrogenase.
^abValues within the same line with different superscripts differ (P < 0.05). Reference values were obtained from the commercial laboratory Laboklin Laboratory for Clinical Diagnostics GmbH & Co. KG (Bad Kissingen, Germany).
¹Parameter measured in serum unless otherwise stated.

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