Figure 2

Spatial distribution of near-surface (2 km) (a) precipitation rate (R, mm h⁻¹), (b) radar reflectivity (Z, dBZ), (c) mass-weighted mean diameter (D_m, mm), (d) normalized intercept parameter (dBN_w:10log₁₀N_w, N_w in m⁻³ mm⁻¹) for the summer season rainfall over Taiwan.