Table 2 The impact of FGM on female mortality rates.

Notes: The dependent variable is the female death rate amongst those in age a in country i in year t. \({FGM Age}_{{\overline{a}}c}\) is the percentage of girls subject to FGM in age group a in country i. \(\text{ Mort}^{b}_{ait}\) is the male mortality rate in age-group a in country i in year t. \(C+Y\) denotes that the regression model additionally includes country and year specific binary variables. \(C \times Y\) denotes that the model includes a binary variable for each country year combination. The main FGM measure is the percentage of girls subject to FGM in age group a in country i subject to FGM based on the DHS surveys (15 countries). Orchid represents that we use data from the Orchid Project instead of the DHS. Orchid+ denotes that we additionally include those countries for which there are Orchid Project data but not DHS data on FGM (9 additional countries). Age Controls indicates that binary variables for each age are additionally included. Weighted denotes that countries are weighted by populations such that the results are representative of the population as a whole. Robust standard errors in parentheses. Excess FGM CI UL (LL) is the upper (lower) limit of the 95% confidence interval of the number of excess deaths due to FGM. \(*p < 0.1\); \(**p < 0.05\); \(***p < 0.01\). Data are from 1990 to 2020 for mortality.

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