Table 5 The association of caregiver-child reading, singing, storytelling and playing engagements and access to books and preschool attendance with early childhood development by urban (n = 1457) and urban (n = 3379) residence.
On track literacy-numeracy development | On track social-emotional development | On track physical development | On track learning/cognition development | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | Rural | |
Read books or looked at picture books with child | ||||||||
Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 2.49 (1.92–3.22) | 3.61 (2.88–4.53) | 1.14 (0.88–1.46) | 1.07 (0.85–1.36) | 1.28 (0.77–2.12) | 0.80 (0.52–1.24) | 1.35 (0.98–1.85) | 0.89 (0.65–1.24) |
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 1.52 (1.09–2.11) | 1.95 (1.39–2.74) | 1.12 (0.80–1.57) | 1.18 (0.88–1.57) | 1.80 (0.74–4.43) | 0.62 (0.35–1.10) | 1.29 (0.82–2.04) | 0.71 (0.46–1.10) |
Told stories to child | ||||||||
Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 2.03 (1.55–2.66) | 2.46 (1.96–3.08) | 0.93 (0.71–1.21) | 0.97 (0.78–1.20) | 1.10 (0.64–1.90) | 1.36 (0.87–2.14) | 1.32 (0.86–2.02) | 0.78 (0.59–1.03) |
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 1.27 (0.88–1.84) | 1.94 (1.44–2.62) | 0.86 (0.62–1.19) | 1.03 (0.78–1.36) | 0.72 (0.36–1.42) | 1.26 (0.72–2.20) | 1.11 (0.66–1.88) | 0.73 (0.52–1.02) |
Named, counted, or drew things for or with child | ||||||||
Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 2.33 (1.78–3.07) | 3.25 (2.62–4.02) | 0.92 (0.72–1.16) | 0.98 (0.81–1.20) | 1.27 (0.79–2.03) | 0.87 (0.55–1.38) | 1.49 (1.05–2.11) | 1.15 (0.85–1.57) |
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 1.27 (0.92–1.75) | 2.05 (1.52–2.78) | 0.82 (0.61–1.11) | 1.09 (0.83–1.42) | 1.47 (0.63–3.45) | 0.79 (0.42–1.50) | 1.17 (0.74–1.88) | 1.21 (0.80–1.84) |
Sang songs to or with child | ||||||||
Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 1.49 (1.19–1.87) | 1.89 (1.51–2.37) | 0.74 (0.57–0.94) | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | 1.09 (0.82–1.46) | 1.09 (0.82–1.46) | 0.83 (0.57–1.21) | 0.95 (0.74–1.21) |
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 0.94 (0.69–1.29) | 1.22 (0.91–1.63) | 0.64 (0.45–0.91) | 0.82 (0.66–1.02) | 1.50 (0.74–3.07) | 0.89 (0.55–1.42) | 0.72 (0.45–1.15) | 0.92 (0.68–1.23) |
Took child outside the home | ||||||||
Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 1.00 (0.74–1.36) | 1.28 (1.04–1.58) | 0.78 (0.58–1.04) | 0.83 (0.67–1.02) | 1.14 (0.68–1.92) | 1.46 (1.03–2.08) | 1.07 (0.71–1.62) | 1.06 (0.79–1.42) |
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 0.81 (0.52–1.25) | 1.14 (0.84–1.54) | 0.74 (0.52–1.05) | 0.79 (0.62–1.00) | 1.49 (0.75–2.98) | 1.14 (0.70–1.86) | 0.74 (0.46–1.21) | 0.98 (0.72–1.33) |
Played with child | ||||||||
Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 1.36 (1.02–1.81) | 1.40 (1.08–1.83) | 1.15 (0.77–1.72) | 1.29 (0.99–1.66) | 2.07 (1.23–3.49) | 1.20 (0.76–1.91) | 1.09 (0.72–1.67) | 1.50 (1.15–1.96) |
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 1.13 (0.73–1.73) | 1.01 (0.72–1.42) | 1.13 (0.75–1.71) | 1.30 (1.02–1.67 | 3.37 (1.68–6.74) | 1.06 (0.62–1.84) | 1.04 (0.56–1.93) | 1.69 (1.24–2.31) |
Attended preschool | ||||||||
Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 5.68 (3.72–8.68) | 9.96 (7.36–13.49) | 1.41 (1.03–1.95) | 1.09 (0.91–1.32) | 1.32 (0.75–2.33) | 0.66 (0.44–0.98) | 1.58 (1.04–2.40) | 1.48 (1.17–1.89) |
Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | 3.18 (1.93–5.22) | 6.26 (4.22–9.29) | 1.44 (0.90–2.29) | 1.11 (0.89–1.39) | 1.10 (0.33–3.66) | 0.55 (0.33–0.92) | 1.23 (0.71–2.15) | 1.23 (0.91–1.68) |
