Table 4 Distribution of the overall age-for-grade trajectories of children with three or more repeated school assessments according to sociodemographic characteristics of the study sample (n = 952).
Categories | Age-for-grade trajectories | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trajectory 1 | Trajectory 2 | Trajectory 3 | Trajectory 4 | ||
Falling behind from early grades | Falling behind from middle grades | Falling behind from terminal grades | Consistently on time for grade | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Overall | Age-for-grade trajectories | 193 (20.3) | 273 (28.7) | 256 (26.9) | 230 (24.1) |
Duration of exclusive breastfeeding | 0–2 months | 44 (23.6) | 46 (17.5) | 40 (16.0) | 36 (16.2) |
3–5 months | 89 (48.1) | 119 (44.8) | 119 (48.0) | 97 (43.6) | |
6 months | 53 (28.3) | 100 (37.7) | 89 (36.0) | 89 (40.1) | |
Sex of child | Female | 65 (33.5) | 113 (41.4) | 142 (55.4) | 132 (57.6) |
Male | 128 (66.5) | 160 (58.6) | 114 (44.6) | 98 (42.4) | |
Maternal HIV status | Negative | 172 (89.1) | 251 (91.9) | 224 (87.4) | 198 (86.3) |
Positive | 3 (1.6) | 6 (2.2) | 7 (2.9) | 8 (3.3) | |
Missing | 18 (9.3) | 16 (5.9) | 25 (9.7) | 24 (10.4) | |
Mother education | None/incomplete primary | 127 (65.8) | 149 (55.1) | 104 (40.7) | 87 (38.1) |
Complete primary | 44 (22.6) | 82 (30.2) | 91 (35.8) | 83 (36.2) | |
Any secondary | 22 (11.6) | 40 (14.7) | 61 (23.5) | 59 (25.7) | |
Father education | None/incomplete primary | 68 (37.2) | 76 (29.1) | 40 (16.6) | 30 (14.0) |
Complete primary | 68 (37.2) | 97 (37.0) | 87 (35.6) | 74 (34.4) | |
Any secondary | 47 (25.6) | 89 (33.9) | 116 (47.8) | 111 (51.6) | |
Mother occupation | Not working | 33 (17.2) | 38 (14.0) | 58 (22.7) | 52 (22.6) |
Subsistence farmer | 159 (82.2) | 230 (84.8) | 190 (74.3) | 171 (74.5) | |
Others | 1 (0.6) | 3 (1.2) | 8 (3.0) | 7 (2.9) | |
Father occupation | Not working | 9 (5.1) | 12 (4.6) | 15 (6.3) | 13 (6.3) |
Subsistence farmer | 131 (72.0) | 169 (58.6) | 142 (58.6) | 119 (55.6) | |
Others | 42 (22.9) | 80 (30.8) | 85 (35.1) | 82 (38.1) | |
Household wealth at birth | Poorest | 87 (47.0) | 112 (42.1) | 71 (28.5) | 54 (24.4) |
Middle | 62 (33.5) | 91 (34.3) | 85 (34.0) | 75 (33.6) | |
Least poor | 36 (19.5) | 62 (23.6) | 93 (37.5) | 94 (42.0) | |
Age of mother at birth | < 20 | 47 (24.6) | 50 (18.3) | 53 (20.9) | 45 (19.7) |
20–30 | 102 (52.8) | 165 (60.6) | 149 (58.2) | 134 (58.2) | |
> 30 | 44 (22.7) | 57 (21.1) | 54 (20.9) | 51 (22.1) | |
Birth order of child | 1 | 47 (25.4) | 57 (21.6) | 56 (22.5) | 48 (21.9) |
2–3 | 52 (28.3) | 88 (33.6) | 90 (36.2) | 79 (35.6) | |
4 or more | 85 (46.3) | 118 (44.9) | 102 (41.3) | 94 (42.5) | |
Distance to tarmac road | Within 1 km | 68 (35.2) | 132 (48.4) | 143 (55.8) | 128 (55.7) |
More than 1 km | 125 (64.8) | 141 (51.6) | 113 (44.2) | 102 (44.3) | |
