Table 3 Serum hormones, growth factors, & cytokines.

From: Alterations in skeletal muscle morphology and mechanics in juvenile male Sprague Dawley rats exposed to a high-fat high-sucrose diet

Serum markers

Units

CHOW

HFS

Effect size

Significance

pg/ml

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Cohen's d

p-value

Satiety

Leptin

33,642 ± 16,714

48,838 ± 5137

1.23

p = 0.001

Mitosis (proliferation/differentiation)

G-CSF

15 ± 16

3 ± 5

− 0.98

p = 0.130

GM-CSF

41 ± 19

38 ± 17

− 0.19

p = 0.705

EGF

239 ± 212

189 ± 99

− 0.30

p = 0.557

VEGF

22 ± 11

46 ± 28

1.10

p = 0.054

Immune cell recruitment

LIX

2712 ± 515

2756 ± 455

0.09

p = 0.859

MIP-1α

18. ± 6.5

16 ± 2

− 0.23

p = 0.654

MCP-1

660 ± 113

623 ± 229

− 0.20

p = 0.691

Fractalkine

49 ± 13

49 ± 9

− 0.06

p = 0.909

Eotaxin

9 ± 1

8 ± 2

− 0.33

p = 0.518

RANTES

900 ± 343

781 ± 167

− 0.44

p = 0.394

IP-10

309 ± 43

300 ± 47

− 0.21

p = 0.678

MIP-2

52 ± 14

33 ± 17

− 1.14

p = 0.039

Innate inflammatory response

IL-1α

105 ± 74

56 ± 30

− 0.86

p = 0.107

IL-1β

144 ± 111

98 ± 34

− 0.56

p = 0.878

TNFα

7 ± 5

5 ± 2

− 0.55

p = 0.505

Th1 cells

IL-12 (p70)

184 ± 47

194 ± 90

0.14

p = 0.782

IL-18

689 ± 230

808 ± 161

0.60

p = 0.250

IL-2

115 ± 47

96 ± 36

− 0.43

p = 0.400

Th2 cells/ B cells

IL-4

24 ± 2

19 ± 6

− 1.06

p = 0.065

IL-5

52 ± 12

51 ± 11

− 0.04

p = 0.935

IL-13

16 ± 7

11 ± 4

− 0.85

p = 0.110

Treg

IL-10

102 ± 76

62 ± 31

− 0.68

p = 0.442

Th17 cells

IL-6

1090 ± 259

702 ± 212

− 1.64

p = 0.006

IL-17α

17 ± 10

11 ± 5

− 0.70

p = 0.182

  1. Serum hormones, growth factors, and cytokines were analyzed following a 16-h fast using a 27-plex assay to assess extracellular protein content. GRO-KC and IFNγ were removed due to many values being out of range. Bold- indicates a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05).
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