Table 4 Result analysis.

From: 3D smooth path planning of AUV based on improved ant colony optimization considering heading switching pressure

 

I-ACO

U-ACO

ACO

\(\min PL\)

16.95

17.63

29.00

\(\min P\theta\)

90.00

254.00

1350.00

\(\min fit\)

0.08

0.18

1.03

Turning times

2

5

15

Best result algebra

13

24

72

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