Table 2 Parameter settings for different algorithm.

SSA²⁹

NP = 25; N = 10; \({t}_{max}\) = 500; c1 = [2 to 0]

CS³⁰

NP = 25; N = 10; \({t}_{max}\) = 500; pa = 0.25

AHOA³¹

NP = 25; N = 10; \({t}_{max}\) = 500; migration coefficient = 2* NP

ChOA³²

NP = 25; N = 10; \({t}_{max}\) = 500; f = [2.5 to 0]; a = [− 1, 1]; c = [2 to 0]

NMRA²⁰

NP = 25; N = 10; \({t}_{max}\) = 500; \({b}_{p}\)=0.5, \({\lambda }_{m}\)=0.5

ANMRA

NP = 25; N = 10; \({t}_{max}\) = 500; \({b}_{p}\)=0.5, \({\lambda }_{m}\)= \({\alpha }_{1}\)  = \({\alpha }_{2}\)= adaptive