Table 1 Demographics and descriptive statistics of the participants (N = 301).
From: Light exposure behaviors predict mood, memory and sleep quality
Characteristic | Female, N = 218 Mean (SD) or N(%) | Male, N = 83 Mean (SD) or N(%) |
|---|---|---|
Age | 27 (8) | 30 (12) |
Religion | ||
Atheist | 23 (11%) | 7 (8.4%) |
Buddhist | 99 (45%) | 35 (42%) |
Christian | 36 (17%) | 13 (16%) |
Hindu | 21 (9.6%) | 11 (13%) |
Muslim | 39 (18%) | 17 (20%) |
Ethnicity | ||
Malaysian Chinese | 138 (63%) | 46 (55%) |
Malaysian Indian | 19 (8.7%) | 13 (16%) |
Malaysian Malay | 26 (12%) | 7 (8.4%) |
Others | 35 (16%) | 17 (20%) |
Marital status | ||
Single | 180 (83%) | 56 (67%) |
Married | 37 (17%) | 27 (33%) |
Divorced | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) |
Education | ||
Doctor of philosophy (PhD) | 43 (20%) | 13 (16%) |
Master’s degree | 38 (17%) | 22 (27%) |
Postgrad diploma | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) |
Bachelor’s degree | 129 (59%) | 41 (49%) |
Diploma | 7 (3.2%) | 7 (8.4%) |
Occupation | ||
Student | 165 (76%) | 50 (60%) |
Work | 42 (19%) | 31 (37%) |
Neither | 11 (5.0%) | 2 (2.4%) |
Community stance | 7.07 (1.87) | 7.00 (1.85) |
Sleep quality | ||
Good sleep | 69 (32%) | 24 (29%) |
Poor sleep | 149 (68%) | 59 (71%) |
Chronotype | ||
Definite evening | 8 (3.7%) | 1 (1.2%) |
Intermediate | 144 (66%) | 60 (72%) |
Moderate evening | 43 (20%) | 13 (16%) |
Moderate morning | 23 (11%) | 9 (11%) |
Definite morning | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Time of participating in the survey | ||
Morning (6AM-11:59AM) | 24 (11%) | 9 (11%) |
Afternoon (12 PM-5PM) | 101 (46%) | 42 (51%) |
Evening (5:01 PM- 8PM) | 75 (34%) | 22 (27%) |
Night (8:01 PM-5:59PM) | 18 (8%) | 10 (12%) |
Descriptive Statistics of the Measures | ||
Wearing blue light filter glasses indoors and outdoors (LEBA B1) | 4.75 (5.32) | 3.49 (4.56) |
Spend time outdoors (LEBA B2) | 3.96 (2.58) | 4.20 (2.32) |
Usage of mobile phones on the bed before sleeping (LEBA B3) | 8.06 (3.86) | 8.96 (3.56) |
Controlling environmental light before bedtime (LEBA B4) | 8.31 (3.49) | 8.33 (3.60) |
Use of electric light (LEBA B5) | 6.48 (2.94) | 6.28 (2.32) |
Positive Affect | 27.77 (8.67) | 28.99 (8.01) |
Negative Affect | 23.27 (5.77) | 22.78 (5.27) |
Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) | 5.70 (2.44) | 6.34 (3.09) |
Morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) | 47.96 (8.62) | 48.90 (7.50) |
Trouble in memory | 1.17 (0.93) | 1.12 (0.85) |
Trouble in concentration | 1.54 (0.88) | 1.42 (0.83) |
