Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants based on serum folate stratification.
From: Serum folate associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced hepatic fibrosis
Characteristic | Serum folate | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Middle | High | ||
N | 1806 | 1789 | 1822 | |
Demographics | ||||
Age (year), mean ± SD | 45.89 ± 16.20 | 47.74 ± 17.20 | 54.04 ± 17.38 | < 0.001 |
Sex | < 0.001 | |||
Male | 876 (48.50%) | 851 (47.57%) | 724 (39.74%) | |
Female | 930 (51.50%) | 938 (52.43%) | 1098 (60.26%) | |
Race | < 0.001 | |||
Mexican American | 245 (13.57%) | 266 (14.87%) | 219 (12.02%) | |
Other Hispanic | 170 (9.41%) | 219 (12.24%) | 176 (9.66%) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 628 (34.77%) | 674 (37.67%) | 910 (49.95%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 535 (29.62%) | 339 (18.95%) | 223 (12.24%) | |
Other race—including multi-racial | 228 (12.62%) | 291 (16.27%) | 294 (16.14%) | |
Education level | < 0.001 | |||
< High school | 398 (22.04%) | 343 (19.17%) | 327 (17.95%) | |
High school | 457 (25.30%) | 379 (21.19%) | 352 (19.32%) | |
> High school | 951 (52.66%) | 1067 (59.64%) | 1143 (62.73%) | |
PIR | < 0.001 | |||
≤ 1 | 466 (25.80%) | 368 (20.57%) | 343 (18.83%) | |
1–3 | 799 (44.24%) | 778 (43.49%) | 695 (38.14%) | |
> 3 | 541 (29.96%) | 643 (35.94%) | 784 (43.03%) | |
Behavioral characteristics | ||||
Smoking status | < 0.001 | |||
Never | 977 (54.10%) | 1089 (60.87%) | 1148 (63.01%) | |
Now | 449 (24.86%) | 272 (15.20%) | 188 (10.32%) | |
Former | 380 (21.04%) | 428 (23.92%) | 486 (26.67%) | |
Work activities status | 0.007 | |||
No | 1015 (56.20%) | 1047 (58.52%) | 1063 (58.34%) | |
Moderate | 391 (21.65%) | 388 (21.69%) | 442 (24.26%) | |
Vigorous | 88 (4.87%) | 61 (3.41%) | 63 (3.46%) | |
Both | 312 (17.28%) | 293 (16.38%) | 254 (13.94%) | |
Recreational activities status | < 0.001 | |||
No | 991 (54.87%) | 892 (49.86%) | 825 (45.28%) | |
Moderate | 438 (24.25%) | 460 (25.71%) | 584 (32.05%) | |
Vigorous | 131 (7.25%) | 136 (7.60%) | 134 (7.35%) | |
Both | 246 (13.62%) | 301 (16.83%) | 279 (15.31%) | |
Dietary characteristics | ||||
Dietary energy intake (kcal), mean ± SD | 3947.76 ± 1566.43 | 4024.92 ± 1575.39 | 3903.65 ± 1482.64 | 0.058 |
Dietary protein intake (mg), mean ± SD | 155.46 ± 68.45 | 161.88 ± 67.71 | 157.49 ± 68.61 | 0.016 |
Dietary folate intake (mcg), median (Q1–Q3) | 593.50 (433.00–837.00) | 712.00 (505.00–975.00) | 776.00 (543.00–1053.75) | < 0.001 |
Disease conditions | ||||
NAFLD | < 0.001 | |||
No | 930 (51.50%) | 1020 (57.02%) | 1106 (60.70%) | |
Yes | 876 (48.50%) | 769 (42.98%) | 716 (39.30%) | |
AHF | 0.937 | |||
No | 1631 (90.31%) | 1614 (90.22%) | 1650 (90.56%) | |
Yes | 175 (9.69%) | 175 (9.78%) | 172 (9.44%) | |
Hypertension status | < 0.001 | |||
No | 1096 (60.69%) | 1052 (58.80%) | 989 (54.28%) | |
Yes | 710 (39.31%) | 737 (41.20%) | 833 (45.72%) | |
Diabetes status | < 0.001 | |||
No | 1166 (64.56%) | 1107 (61.88%) | 1078 (59.17%) | |
Yes | 325 (18.00%) | 396 (22.14%) | 419 (23.00%) | |
IGT | 127 (7.03%) | 112 (6.26%) | 165 (9.06%) | |
IFG | 188 (10.41%) | 174 (9.73%) | 160 (8.78%) | |
Anthropometric measurements | ||||
Waist circumference (cm), mean ± SD | 102.31 ± 18.12 | 100.04 ± 17.10 | 97.96 ± 15.39 | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 30.66 ± 7.94 | 29.55 ± 7.06 | 28.39 ± 6.25 | < 0.001 |
Biochemical indicators | ||||
GGT (IU/L), median (Q1–Q3) | 19.00 (14.00–29.00) | 19.00 (14.00–28.00) | 18.00 (13.00–26.00) | 0.019 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL), median (Q1–Q3) | 96.00 (65.00–146.00) | 94.00 (64.00–138.00) | 98.50 (67.00–141.00) | 0.355 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 189.26 ± 40.77 | 186.88 ± 40.62 | 190.97 ± 40.19 | < 0.001 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean ± SD | 50.88 ± 14.10 | 53.05 ± 15.09 | 55.65 ± 15.75 | < 0.001 |
AST (u/L), median (Q1–Q3) | 21.00 (17.00–25.00) | 22.00 (18.00–26.00) | 23.00 (19.00–27.00) | 0.002 |
ALT(u/L), median (Q1–Q3) | 19.00 (14.00–27.00) | 20.00 (15.00–28.00) | 20.00 (16.00–26.00) | 0.195 |
