Figure 1

Experimental procedure of Experiments 1A and 1B. Participants were asked to remember faces during the study session. They were also required to respond when an upside-down face was shown. After the study session, a 30-s break was provided. In the test session, an old/new recognition task was used. Face images in this figure were generated using a random face generator (https://thispersondoesnotexist.com/). In Experiment 1B, scene stimuli were used in the same experimental paradigm.