Table 2 Associations between participants’ characteristics and plasma levels of fructose-associated metabolites.

Factor	Fructose			Hypoxanthine			Uric acid
Factor	β	Standard Error	P-value	β	Standard Error	P-value	β	Standard Error	P-value
Model 1
Age	0.006	0.002	0.017	− 0.001	0.001	0.399	− 0.001	0.0003	0.010
BMI	0.006	0.011	0.177	0.018	0.004	< 0.001	0.010	0.002	< 0.001
Sex
Pre-menopausal female	Reference			Reference			Reference
Post-menopausal female	− 0.105	0.070	0.134	0.047	0.021	0.025	0.094	0.010	< 0.001
Male	− 0.034	0.071	0.637	0.203	0.021	< 0.001	0.312	0.010	< 0.001
Current smoker	− 0.038	0.072	0.600	0.015	0.022	0.487	0.002	0.010	0.859
Diabetes	0.087	0.083	0.293	− 0.019	0.025	0.433	− 0.013	0.012	0.268
Hypertension	0.035	0.048	0.466	0.027	0.014	0.062	0.033	0.006	< 0.001
Dyslipidemia	0.030	0.043	0.484	0.045	0.013	0.001	0.028	0.006	< 0.001
Waist circumference	0.001	0.004	0.736	− 0.001	0.001	0.023	0.002	0.0006	0.010
SDB severity
Normal-group	Reference			Reference			Reference
Mild-group	0.044	0.048	0.363	0.023	0.014	0.111	0.028	0.007	< 0.001
Moderate-severe group	0.210	0.076	0.006	0.050	0.023	0.030	0.027	0.011	0.021
Model 2
Age	0.006	0.002	0.003	− 0.0002	0.001	0.725	− 0.0002	0.0003	0.487
BMI	0.006	0.007	0.361	0.016	0.002	< 0.001	0.015	0.001	< 0.001
Sex
Pre-menopausal female
Post-menopausal female	− 0.097	0.068	0.156	0.060	0.021	0.004	0.102	0.010	< 0.001
Male	− 0.042	0.070	0.548	0.208	0.021	< 0.001	0.316	0.010	< 0.001
Current smoker	− 0.041	0.071	0.566	0.017	0.022	0.432	0.003	0.010	0.773
Metabolic syndrome	0.271	0.089	0.002	0.019	0.027	0.477	0.046	0.013	< 0.001
SDB severity
Normal-group
Mild-group	0.047	0.047	0.322	0.023	0.014	0.109	0.029	0.007	< 0.001
Moderate-severe group	0.196	0.075	0.009	0.050	0.023	0.028	0.029	0.011	0.009

Analysis was performed by a generalized linear model by setting the link function as family = Gamma(log).
BMI body mass index, SDB sleep disordered breathing.

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