Table 2 Growth parameters measured after 30 days of stress treatments (CON—control, IWS—intermediate water stress and SWS—severe water stress) in the six ornamental species.

From: Responses of different invasive and non-invasive ornamental plants to water stress during seed germination and vegetative growth

Parameter

Treat

B. pilosa

C. cyanus

E. purpurea

L. sinuatum

L. maritima

O. biennis

Root length (cm)

C

29.2 ± 1.9 a (0%)

12.8 ± 2 a (0%)

26.2 ± 2.2 b (0%)

37.6 ± 5.7 a (0%)

28.1 ± 5 a (0%)

31.9 ± 8.1 b (0%)

IWS

28.4 ± 1.5 a (2.6%)

13.1 ± 2.1 a (−2.4%)

21.2 ± 1.2 ab (19.1%)

40.3 ± 5.2 a (−7%)

37.3 ± 4.1 a (−32.7%)

20.9 ± 2.8 ab (34.2%)

SWS

22.9 ± 2.8 a (21.3%)

9.4 ± 0.9 a (26.7%)

19.9 ± 1.1 a (24%)

34 ± 4.6 a (9.7%)

29.4 ± 4.1 a (−4.4%)

10.4 ± 1.7 a (67.1%)

Root fresh weight (g)

C

6.9 ± 1.4 ab (0%)

3.8 ± 1.1 b (0%)

6.3 ± 0.9 b (0%)

2.5 ± 0.5 b (0%)

0.4 ± 0.1 a (0%)

4.8 ± 0.3 b (0%)

IWS

7.6 ± 1.1 b (−9.4%)

2.9 ± 0.5 ab (22.6%)

3.3 ± 0.9 a (47.4%)

1.1 ± 0.1 a (54.8%)

0.3 ± 0 a (16.3%)

3.9 ± 0.4 b (18.4%)

SWS

2.6 ± 0.6 a (61.3%)

0.4 ± 0.1 a (87.7%)

0.7 ± 0.1 a (88.1%)

0.6 ± 0.1 a (73.2%)

0.3 ± 0.1 a (25.8%)

0.4 ± 0 a (91.6%)

Root water content (%)

C

66.3 ± 1.6 b

81.3 ± 1.2 c

82 ± 0.7 c

70.9 ± 2.4 b

35.3 ± 9 a

85.4 ± 0.3 b

IWS

53.9 ± 2.2 b

59 ± 3.5 b

70.1 ± 2.7 b

61.2 ± 7.4 ab

39.1 ± 8.6 a

81.6 ± 0.7 b

SWS

32.4 ± 5.4 a

32.6 ± 5.4 a

29.6 ± 3 a

48.1 ± 5.3 a

61.6 ± 3.5 a

31.2 ± 9.1 a

Leaf number

C

31.6 ± 3.4 b (0%)

42 ± 3.8 ab (0%)

10 ± 0.7 b (0%)

19.5 ± 2.2 a (0%)

123.5 ± 8 a (0%)

29.8 ± 1.7 c (0%)

IWS

32.2 ± 4.1 b (−1.8%)

63.6 ± 11.2 b (−51.4%)

9 ± 0.6 ab (10%)

19.1 ± 2.2 a (1.7%)

125.5 ± 14.4 a (-1.6%)

23.2 ± 0.9 b (14.4%)

SWS

13.8 ± 1.8 a (56.3%)

23.2 ± 4.5 a (44.7%)

6.8 ± 0.6 a (32%)

18.1 ± 1.5 a (6.8%)

110.6 ± 11.4 a (10.3%)

14.4 ± 1.2 a (51.6%)

Shoot length (cm)

C

58.2 ± 2.7 b (0%)

19.8 ± 2.7 a (0%)

26.3 ± 2.2 a (0%)

25.5 ± 1.1 b (0%)

28.9 ± 2.3 a (0%)

17.6 ± 0.7 b (0%)

IWS

50.6 ± 2 b (13%)

27 ± 2.8 a (−36.2%)

24.8 ± 2.1 a (5.5%)

24.2 ± 0.9 ab (5.1%)

26.5 ± 2.1 a (8%)

16.5 ± 0.4 b (6.6%)

SWS

38.9 ± 2.3 a (33%)

19.3 ± 1.2 a (2.5%)

20.2 ± 1.2 a (23.1%)

20.9 ± 0.8 a (18%)

22.6 ± 1.8 a (21.7%)

10.6 ± 0.3 a (39.7%)

Shoot fresh weight (g)

C

35.3 ± 2.5 b (0%)

24.3 ± 2.8 b (0%)

13.6 ± 1.2 b (0%)

39.2 ± 8.4 b (0%)

13.6 ± 1.8 b (0%)

23.8 ± 1.9 c (0%)

IWS

26 ± 2.8 b (26.3%)

18.6 ± 3.3 b (23.2%)

11.2 ± 1.9 ab (17.8%)

27.4 ± 1.8 ab (30.1%)

10 ± 0.9 b (26.5%)

18.4 ± 0.5 b (22.7%)

SWS

8.7 ± 1.9 a (75.2%)

3.9 ± 1.2 a (83.6%)

3 ± 0.5 b (77.8%)

14.4 ± 2.8 a (63.2%)

4.2 ± 0.6 a (68.6%)

1.5 ± 0.1 a (93.5%)

Shoot water content (%)

C

87.5 ± 0.5 b

89 ± 0.8 b

85.3 ± 0.5 a

93.8 ± 0.6 a

89.6 ± 0.6 a

89.5 ± 2.3 b

IWS

86.3 ± 0.2 b

81.7 ± 2.7 ab

84.6 ± 0.3 a

90.4 ± 1.7 a

85.5 ± 1.7 a

86.2 ± 0.2 b

SWS

56.7 ± 11.3 a

57.8 ± 13.7 a

63.3 ± 11.1 a

73.8 ± 10.8 a

77.4 ± 6.2 a

73.8 ± 3.5 a

  1. Values are means ± SEM (n = 5). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments for each determined variable and species, according to the Tukey test (p < 0.05). Percentages of reduction shown in parenthesis were calculated considering the mean in control as 100%.
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