Table 3 Effect of stress treatments on the shoot contents of photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes and antioxidant compounds: chlorophylls a and b (Chl A and Chl B), carotenoids (Caro), proline (Pro), total soluble sugars (TSS), malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoids (TF).

From: Responses of different invasive and non-invasive ornamental plants to water stress during seed germination and vegetative growth

Biochemical analysis

Treat

B. pilosa

C. cyanus

E. purpurea

L. sinuatum

L. maritima

O. biennis

Chl A (mg g−1 DW)

C

10.8 ± 1.9 b

7.6 ± 1.3 a

6.7 ± 0.5 a

11.2 ± 0.5 a

13.3 ± 2.4 a

10.9 ± 2.6 a

IWS

8.7 ± 0.9 ab

5.8 ± 1.4 a

7.0 ± 0.7 a

8.2 ± 0.6 a

5.9 ± 1.5 a

6.6 ± 0.3 a

SWS

4.9 ± 1.1 a

4.1 ± 1.1 a

5.0 ± 0.6 a

7.6 ± 1.6 a

11.1 ± 3.2 a

5.7 ± 0.9 a

Chl B (mg g−1 DW)

C

3.4 ± 0.8 b

2.8 ± 0.4 a

2.1 ± 0.1 a

3.4 ± 0.2 a

3.4 ± 0.7 a

3.5 ± 0.6 a

IWS

2.9 ± 0.4 ab

1.5 ± 0.3 a

1.6 ± 0.4 a

2.4 ± 0.1 a

1.3 ± 0.3 a

2.3 ± 0.2 a

SWS

1.8 ± 0.3 a

1.6 ± 0.3 a

1.5 ± 0.2 a

2.3 ± 0.4 a

2.8 ± 0.9 a

2.6 ± 0.2 a

Caro (mg g−1 DW)

C

1.6 ± 0.3 b

1.0 ± 0.1 a

1.0 ± 0.0 a

2.2 ± 0.2 b

3.0 ± 0.7 a

2.5 ± 0.5 a

IWS

0.8 ± 0.1 ab

1.1 ± 0.3 a

1.1 ± 0.1 a

1.7 ± 0.1 b

1.1 ± 0.3 a

1.7 ± 0.1 a

SWS

0.8 ± 0.2 a

0.6 ± 0.1 a

0.8 ± 0.0 a

0.8 ± 0.1 a

2.1 ± 0.6 a

1.9 ± 0.2 a

Pro (µmol g−1 DW)

C

15.5 ± 6.2 a

8.5 ± 0.9 a

3.2 ± 0.7 a

4.3 ± 0.3 a

25.1 ± 6.8 a

2.1 ± 0.4 a

IWS

13.1 ± 5.6 a

17.0 ± 2.2 a

4.0 ± 0.9 a

21.0 ± 3.4 a

117.7 ± 29.9 b

2.3 ± 0.3 a

SWS

85.0 ± 7.1 b

171.4 ± 23.3 b

110.7 ± 14.8 b

313.7 ± 38.2 b

253.4 ± 28 c

11.2 ± 0.9 b

TSS (mg eq. Glu g−1 DW)

C

18.7 ± 1.2 a

15.5 ± 1.1 a

7.1 ± 1.8 a

16.0 ± 6.6 a

9.5 ± 0.9 a

74.5 ± 22.6 a

IWS

19.6 ± 2.9 a

18.1 ± 3.0 a

11.0 ± 1.3 a

16.7 ± 6.7 a

23.4 ± 3.7 b

46.7 ± 2.4 a

SWS

24.1 ± 3.7 a

20.9 ± 2.1 a

15.8 ± 4.2 a

10.6 ± 2.5 a

12.8 ± 3.0 a

60.6 ± 15.6 a

MDA (nmol g−1 DW)

C

488.1 ± 35.1 b

698.8 ± 81.8 a

284.6 ± 40.4 a

171.4 ± 37.8 a

166.5 ± 8.6 ab

388.5 ± 114.2 a

IWS

440.2 ± 28 b

526.0 ± 132.7 a

246.7 ± 46.4 a

127.9 ± 20.9 a

229.4 ± 33.2 b

193.6 ± 16.6 a

SWS

221.5 ± 36 a

487.6 ± 119.7 a

221.8 ± 82.9 a

156.6 ± 52.5 a

144.9 ± 16.8 a

220.8 ± 97.4 a

H2O2 (µmol g−1 DW)

C

4.1 ± 0.4 ab

2.7 ± 0.5 a

1.4 ± 0.2 a

1.8 ± 0.2 ab

0.4 ± 0.0 a

14.8 ± 5.0 a

IWS

6.4 ± 1.0 b

2.4 ± 0.1 a

1.6 ± 0.0 a

0.8 ± 0.1 a

1.3 ± 0.4 a

4.2 ± 0.6 a

SWS

3.2 ± 0.4 a

3.0 ± 1.3 a

1.3 ± 0.2 a

5.0 ± 1.5 b

0.7 ± 0.2 a

4.6 ± 0.5 a

TF (mg eq. C g−1 DW)

C

10.4 ± 1 a

1.7 ± 0.2 a

4.0 ± 1.2 a

5.2 ± 1.8 a

1.6 ± 0.2 a

18.2 ± 5.6 a

IWS

7.0 ± 1.1 a

2.9 ± 0.7 ab

11.4 ± 2.2 b

5.1 ± 1.1 a

2.7 ± 0.4 a

9.0 ± 0.1 a

SWS

9.3 ± 2.6 a

4.4 ± 0.7 b

5.7 ± 0.7 ab

5.9 ± 1.3 a

1.8 ± 0.2 a

18.3 ± 9.4 a

TPC (mg eq. GA g−1 DW)

C

17.6 ± 1.5 b

14.1 ± 1.3 a

9.7 ± 1.8 a

16.3 ± 4.0 a

5.1 ± 0.2 a

26.3 ± 6.3 a

IWS

14.3 ± 1.4 b

13.3 ± 2.5 a

17.8 ± 2.4 b

16.4 ± 3.7 a

5.7 ± 1.2 a

12.8 ± 0.4 a

SWS

6.3 ± 0.3 a

9.8 ± 2.6 a

9.2 ± 1.5 a

19.7 ± 4.4 a

6.0 ± 0.8 a

23.9 ± 14 a

  1. Values shown are means ± SEM (n = 5). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments for each determined variable and species, according to the Tukey test (p < 0.05).
  2. Glu glucose, GA gallic acid, C catechin.
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